140 Germany. 



Forstliche Jahrbucher were begun in 1842, and the 

 Miindener Forstliche Hefte in 1892. In 1893 the Forst- 

 Uch-naturwissenschaftliche Zeitschrift was established 

 to discuss mainly the biological basis of forestry 

 (changed in 1903 to NaturwissenschaftUche Zeitschrift 

 fiir Land-und Forstwesen) . 



For the lower grades there has been published since 

 1872 Zeitschrift der deutschen Forstbeamten. Several 

 lumber trade journals also discuss forestry matters. 



To assist in keeping track of the historic and scientific 

 development of the art, an annual summary of maga- 

 zine literature is being published. The first effort in 

 this direction was made in 1876 by Bemhardt's 

 Chronik des deutschen Forstwesens, which was contin- 

 ued for several years, but is now supplanted by Jdhres- 

 hericht uber die Leistungen und Fortschritte der Forst- 

 wirthschaft (since 1880). 



Besides this more scientific magazine literature, 

 "Pocket Books" and "Calendars" have been published 

 from early times, the regular annual appearance of the 

 latter, giving detailed statistics, personalia, tables useful 

 in the practice, etc., dates from 1851. 



With the accomplishment of the unity of the empire 

 in 1871, with the establishment of the Experiment 

 Stations and their association in 1872, and with the 

 organization of the Society of German Foresters, which 

 dates from the same year, a new and most active era 

 in the development of forestry science may be recognized, 

 the tendency of which is to lift the art out of the 

 shackles of empiricism and place it on a more scientific 

 basis. 



