142 Austria-Hungary. 



holdings is predominant, and that large areas are still 

 untouched or just opened to exploitation, so that Austria 

 is still in the list of export countries, although in some 

 parts intensive management has been long in existence. 



In the main, although movements for reform in forest 

 use date back to the middle ages, the condition of for- 

 estry in Austria was still past the middle of the 19th 

 century most deplorable, and in a stage of development 

 which most of the German States had passed long before; 

 but in the last 50 years such progress has been made 

 that both science and practice stand nearly if not quite 

 on the same level with those of their German neighbors. 



If Germany exhibits in its different parts a great 

 variety of development, political and economic, Austria, 

 although long under one f amity of rulers (since 1536), 

 exhibits a still greater variety due to racial, natural and 

 historical differences within its own borders. It is 

 indeed an extraordinary and singular country, without 

 an equal of its kind (except perhaps Turkey) in that 

 it is not a national, but a dynastic power composed of 

 unrelated states or lands, with people speaking different 

 languages, mixed races widely different in character. 

 These were gradually aggregated under one head or 

 ruling family, the Hapsburgs, who as Archdukes of 

 Austria having occupied the elective position of German 

 Emperors for several generations, after the collapse of 

 the Empire in 1806, retained the title and called them- 

 selves Emperors of Austria, 



The Kingdom of Hungary alone (which was joined 

 to the Hapsburg dominions by election of its people in 

 1526, and under new relations in 1867), with at least 

 50% Hungarians, is a national unit with a national Ian- 



