Forest Organization. 157 



many hampering rights of user ; only here and there are 

 properties managed intensively. By 1890 only 23% 

 were managed under rational working plans (40% state 

 and 60% private and commimal property), mostly regu- 

 lated by a combined area and volume method. 



In Styria in the forests attached to mines we find in 

 1795 quite a remarkable effort in the matter of working 

 plans, with volume tables and sample area methods for 

 determining the stock, but the fine plan was stowed away 

 in a cupboard, and when in 1830 forest counselor Wun- 

 derhaldinger proposed to apply such a working plan he 

 had to wait seven years before permission for a trial was 

 granted. He continued the organization of these forests 

 until 1848, using Hundeshagen's "use per cent.'* in tiie 

 selection forest, and volimie allotment for the woods 

 managed imder clearing system. 



In lower Austria the Vienna state forest of 70,000 

 acres had for a long time received attention; the first 

 thorough forest survey and yield calculation being made 

 in 1718-20, revised in 1782-86 and regulated for the 

 shelterwood system in 1820. Within the last 50 years 

 the method has been changed again and again, until in 

 1882 the present Austrian method based on normal stock 

 principles was applied. Since in this province 50% of 

 the forest area is peasant property and communal forest, 

 which are usually managed without systematic plans, the 

 33% under working plans represents more than half of 

 the area capable of such management. 



In upper Austria, where the salt works are situated, 



the attempts at regulated management in connection 



with these date back to the middle of the 16th century, 



and after various changes these forest areas were by 1888 

 11 



