160 Austria-Hungary. 



the years 1882 to 1887 and finally to tlie creation of a 

 commission charged to select the lands which in the in- 

 terest of the country required reforestation and to 

 enforce this within a given time, the State expropriating 

 the lands of objecting owners. At the same time the 

 Commission brought about the division of pasture lands 

 which were held in communal ownership. 



By 1897, of the 75,000 acres selected by the Commis- 

 sion as of immediate interest 15,000 acres had been 

 planted, mostly with Austrian pine, at an average cost of 

 $8 to $16 per acre, the cost including stone enclosures for 

 the plantations, to protect them against cattle and fire, 

 and the repairs which sometimes equalled the original 

 expense. In addition some 50,000 acres of natural 

 growth were merely by protection brought into pro- 

 ductive condition. 



While this activity refers to the northern portion of 

 the coast region, the Karst of Dalmatia farther south, 

 being oak country, was mainly recuperated by pro- 

 tective measures. In 1873 the pasturing of goats was 

 forbidden on areas of over one million acres in extent, 

 which were found capable of reforestation. In 1876 the 

 division of communal holdings was ordered and portions 

 designated for forest use, some to be planted. As a 

 result of these measures nearly 400,000 acres have been 

 recuperated. 



7. Education and Literature. 



The first forest schools in Austria were established 

 through private effort, namely one in 1800 in Bohemia 

 by Prince Schwarzenberg, and another one in Moravia 

 by Prince Liechtenstein, these two being the largest for- 



