Federal Surveillance. 179 



est management of small holdings as larger units, the 

 Bnnd paying for the cost of effecting snch co-operation, 

 it empowers the canton or the Bund to enforce such co- 

 operative management of protection forest areas in spe- 

 cially endangered localities as at the headwaters of tor- 

 rential streams. Otherwise in the non-protective pri- 

 vate forests only the prohibition of clearing except by 

 permission of the cantonal government, the obligation 

 of reforesting felling areas within three years and of 

 maintaining existing pasture woods is ordered. Where- 

 ever on private properties conversion of forest into farm 

 or pasture is permitted (after report of the forest ad- 

 ministration of Canton or Bund) an equivalent refor- 

 estation of other parts may be ordered. Wherever by 

 the reforestation of bare ground protective forest areas 

 can be created, this may be ordered, the Federal or the 

 Cantonal government contributing towards such work, 

 or else, if the owner prefers, he may insist upon hav- 

 ing his ground expropriated by the Canton or other pub- 

 lic corporation; the federal government assisting in 

 either case to the extent of 30 to 50% of the cost, and 

 in establishing new protection forests to the extent of 

 50 to 80%. 



Before 1902 under the law of 1876 some 16,000 acres 

 had been reforested and put in order at an expense of 

 over one million dollars, the federal government con- 

 tributing just about fifty per cent. 



Besides the various restrictions with provisions of 

 penalties for disobedience (from $1 to $100 for each 

 transgression) and enforced execution by cantonal gov- 

 ernment, there are a number of directions in which the 

 Federal Government makes contributions for the pur- 



