RUSSIA AND FINLAND. 



While Germany and France were forced into the 

 adoption of forest policies through necessity, after the 

 natural woods had been largely destroyed or devastated, 

 Eussia started upon a conservative forest management, 

 long before the day of absolute necessity seemed to have 

 arrived. 



Indeed, even to-day Eussia is one of the largest ex- 

 porters of forest products in the world, its annual export 

 amounting to over thirty million dollars ; and a vast ter- 

 ritory of untouched woods is still at her command, rep- 

 resenting roughly two-thirds of the forest area of 

 Europe. 



Les Foreis de la Russie, Ministire de P Agriculture, Paris Exposition 

 Universelle, igoo, pp. jqo, grives a very detailed description of forest conditions, 

 markets and management with a few historic points. 



Kussland's Wold, by F. v. Arnold, Beriin, 1893, pp. 526, contains historic 

 notes and a profuse discussion of the law of 1888. 



The Industries of Russia : Agriculture and Forestry, issued by the De- 

 partment of Agriculture, Ministry of Crown Lands, at World's Columbian Expo- 

 sition, translated by J. M. Crawford, 1893, contains a chapter on Forestry by 

 RouDZSKi and Shafranov, professors at the Forest Institute, in 35 pp. 



Annual reports by the Russian Forest Administration are published since 

 i866. 



Four diffuse volumes, by John Croumbie Browx, treat of Russian conditions, 

 namely. 



Forests and Forestry in Poland, Lithuania, etc, 1885 ; 

 Finland, its Forests and Forest Management, 1883 ; 

 Forestry of the Mining districts of the Ural Mountain, 1884 ; 

 Forests and Forestry of Northern Russia, 18&4. 

 Numerous articles and reviews by O. Gusk, scattered through the Germao 

 forestry journals, give insight into Russian forest conditions. 



An excellent idea of prevailing forestry practice can be gained from an ex- 

 tended article by Dr. Schwappach, Forstliche Reisebilder aus Russland in 

 Zeitschrift fiir Forst-und Jagdwesen, 1902. 



For Finland an article by B. Ericson in Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt, 

 1896, and another article by P. W. Hannikainbn in Allgemeine Forst and 

 Jagdzeitung, 1892, both native foresters, give considerable information. 



Finland: Its Public and Private Economy, by N. C. Frkderiksrn, 1902, 

 306 pp. 



