228 Russia. 



In 1903 the application of the law was extended to 

 the Caucasus, the Trans-caucasian and other southern 

 provinces, but in the absence of suitable personnel and 

 in a half civilized country, no result for the immediate 

 future may be anticipated. 



The surveillance of the execution of this law lies with 

 the assistance of the Forest Committees, in the hands 

 of the State Forest Administration. 



This latter, centralized in the Department of Agricul- 

 ture, consists of a Director General with two Vice-Di- 

 rectors and a so-called bureau of forests with seven 

 division chiefs, a number of vice-inspectors and assist- 

 ants. The local administration in the governments is 

 represented by the Direction of Crown lands with a 

 superintendent or revisor and several inspectors. The 

 crown forests, divided into some 600 districts, are under 

 the administration of superintendents, with foresters and 

 guards of several degrees. 



The whole service comprises at present about 3400 

 higher and over 30,000 lower officials. 



Large as this force appears to be, it is small in com- 

 parison with the acreage, and inadequate. Although 

 the net income from the 300 million acres of State 

 forest which are being worked is now close to thirty 

 million dollars, the pay of the officials is such as to 

 almost force them to find means of subsistence at the 

 cost of their charges. Perhaps nowhere else is theriB so 

 much machinery and so much regulation with so little 

 execution in practice. 



3. Education and Literature. 



The attempts at forestry education date back to the 

 year 1732 when a number of foresters were imported 



