230 Russia. 



theoretical study in silviculture. The total expense of 

 such a school is about $3,300, of which the State con- 

 tributes $2,500. 



A number of experiment stations were established in 

 various parts of the country by the Administration of 

 Crown lands, and a very considerable and advanced liter- 

 ature testifies to the good education and activity of the 

 higher forest service. 



Two forestry journals, Lesnoj Journal (since 1870) 

 and Lessopromychlenny Vestnih, the first bi-monthly, 

 the latter weekly, besides several lesser ones, keep the 

 profession informed. 



There are in existence several general societies for the 

 encouragement of silviculture. Probably the oldest, 

 which ceased to exist in 1850, was the Imperial Eussian 

 Society for the Advancement of Forestry which was 

 founded in 1832. It published a magazine and provided 

 translations of foreign books, among which the Forest 

 Mathematics of the noted German forester Konig, who 

 also prepared yield tables for the Society. (See p. 126.) 

 A society of professional foresters was founded at St. 

 Petersburg in 1871, another exists in Moscow, and re- 

 cently two associations for the development of forest 

 planting in the steppes have been formed. 



Among the prominent writers and practitioners there 

 should be especially mentioned Theodor Karlowitsch 

 Arnold, who is recognized as the father of Eussian 

 forestry. He was the soul of the forest organization 

 work, for which he drew up the instructions in 1845, 

 and as professor, afterwards director, of the Institute 

 for Agronomy and Forestry at Moscow since 1857, he 



