Forest Conditions. 265 



of their parish; on the other hand all fellings may be 

 prohibited by the government, if this is found desirable. 

 Private forests are without government supervision. 



The silvicnltural system is most generally the rongh 

 selection forest or an approach to group system, relying 

 upon voluntary reproduction entirely. Management is 

 much hampered by rights of user to certain dimensions, 

 and in the more distant districts by the difficulty of dis- 

 posing of any but the best sizes. An orderly organiza- 

 tion is still almost unkno'wn. The stumpage is sold and 

 removed by the buyer and the axe is still mainly used. 



Higher forest schools there are none, but three schools 

 for the lower grades exist. Until recently the higher 

 foresters had to get. their education in Germany, or in 

 the Swedish Forest Institute at Stockholm ; but in 1897 

 a chair of forestry was instituted in the Agricultural 

 college at Kristiania. 



Altogether forestr}' is on a low level in this country. 



A forestry society was organized in 1898, which pub- 

 lishes a journal, Tidskrift for Slcog shrug, and employs 

 a forester, paid by the State, to give professional advice. 

 The subject is being brought into the primary schools 

 and the efforts to improve conditions are widespread. 



DENMARK. 



Denmark with 15,290 square miles and 2.5 million 

 people (or 164 to the square mile) is largely a farming 

 country, 80 per cent, being productive, and only 5.4 per 

 cent, of it, or less than 600,000 acres being under 

 forest, and this also mostly on soil capable of farm use. 



In addition there are about 75,000 acres of heaths and 



