.Ml S( I.I'.S OF THE FOOT. 



arc employed in tlie movements of tliu foot 

 and its several portions, anil classify them ac- 



Tlie motions between the 

 first and second row 

 tarsul bones* are . . 



"1. Downwards and in- 

 wards accomplished by 



Jt 



it 



fl. 



2. Upwards and outwards I 2. 



I 3 

 I 4. 



1. 



2. 

 3. 

 I. Flexion performed by 



2. Extension by 



The motions of the toes arc* 



X Abduction by 



4. Adduction by 



In this table we are struck with the propor- 

 tion which the antagonist muscles bear to each 

 other, both in numbers and in individual as 

 \M 11 as collective power. Tliis proportion is of 

 i-onrse regulated liy the demand for muscular 

 ton T in the ordinary movements of the joints. 

 Tlie extension of the ankle, in the most ordi- 

 nary mode of its performance, implies the lift- 

 ing of the whole weight of the body by the 

 elevation of the heel, the toes resting upon the 

 jionnd. This, owing to the unequal length 

 of the two levers, requires an immense power, 

 while the shortness of the moveable lever allows 

 of very little extent of motion. The gastro- 



* It is remarkable that so original anil accurate 

 an observer as Dr. IS.uelay should attribute this 

 motion to the ankle-joint, anil should deny any 

 motion, more than a mere \iclding, to any of the 

 tarsitl bones. But it is still more surprising th;it 

 hi- should make the same observation of the carpus, 

 when so very considerable a part of the ordinary 

 motion at the wrist is obviously between the two 

 rous >! ear, .il bones. St e Itarclav on Muscular 

 Motion, pp.404, 447. 



cording to the joints upon which they act and 

 the movements they produce. 



Tibialis anticus. 



I'eroneus tertius. 



Extensor longus digitorum. 



Extensor proprius pollicis. 



Gastrocnemius externus. 



Oastrocnemius interims. 



1'laiitaris. 



Flexor longus digitorum. 



Flexor longus pollicis. 



Tibialis posticus. 



Peroneus longus. 



Peroneus brevis. 



Tibialis posticus. 



Kxtensor proprius pollicis. 



Flexor longus digitorum. 



Flexor longus pollicis. 



Peroneus Longus. 



Peroneus brevis. 



Peroneus tertius. 



Extensor longus digitorum. 



Flexor longus pollicis. 



Flexor brevis pollicis. 



Flexor longus digitorum. 



Flexor brevis digitorum. 



Flexor accessorius digitorum. 



Lumbricales. 



Flexor brevis minimi digiti. 

 f\. Extensor proprius pollicis. 

 . .} 2. Extensor longus digitorum. 

 |_ 3. Extensor brevis digitorum. 



fl . Abductor pollicis. 

 2. Abductor minimi digiti. 

 f Prior indicis. 

 3. InterosseU Prior medii digiti. 

 [_ Prior tertii digiti. 



{1 . Adductor pollicis. 

 2. Transversalis. 

 I Prior minimi digiti. 

 3-1 > RSSSfd^. 



I Posterior tertii digiti. 



cnemii are accordingly thick short muscles, 

 with a long and powerful tendon. These are 

 assisted by the plantaris and five other muscles. 

 Flexion, on the contrary, which generally im- 

 plies merely the elevation of the foot, without 

 any other force to overcome, is adequately 

 provided for by only four muscles, and these 

 not large, indeed one of them very small. 

 The assistance rendered by the five auxiliary 

 muscles, which pass behind the malleoli, 

 though considerable on the whole, yet is small 

 individually in proportion to their size, owing 

 to the disadvantageous situation which their 

 tendons occupy at so very short a distance from 

 the centre of motion; for this reason, when 

 the tendo Achillis is ruptured, the patient is 

 as incapable of walking as if all the extensor 

 muscles were divided, yet when the body is 

 rcsliti',' the antagonism of the extensors is not 

 entirely lost. The foot is not permanently bent 

 upwards, and the simple act of extension i an 

 be accomplished without great difficulty. One 

 of the most remarkable of .all the extensor 

 muscles, Inilh as lo its course and its function, 



