OHfJAN OF I1F.ARING. 



503 



panic cavity commtmicuto with the tliru:il by 

 ilir I JHI.M IIMII tube. In tht; tympaiiii- 



.uticillulrd to 



each otluT and ino\rd by muscles, which 



10 produce sonic change in the state of 

 tins,, ,11 ol ill" .-"It parts of the ear-bulb; in 

 the conjunctiva! space there is nothing analo- 

 gous, although, without pushing the point too 

 far, we iniulit rompai'" the muscles of the eye- 

 ball with those of tin: ossicles of the tym- 

 panum, both bring equally, in fact, outxittc 

 tlinr respective mucous membranes. In re- 

 gard to the ossicles I would remark that, 

 according to the views of Weber,* they must 

 be nrkoned among those which do not belong 

 to the skeleton, and which are of very incon- 

 stant occurrence. Such are the bone of the 

 pi-ins in many animals, the teeth, the ring of 

 linnif ji/atcs round Hit front of' the sclerolica of 

 I/it 1 Innl's ly 1 . Ac. 



A part in the composition of the appendages 

 of the eye analogous to the membrana tym- 

 pani is only to be conceived by supposing the 

 existence of a mediate atckyloblepliaron, that 

 is, an irregular membrane stretched between 

 the edges of the eyelids, uniting them toge- 



ul closing in the space lined by the con- 

 junctiva, which space would now communi- 

 cate with the exterior, only by the lachrymal 

 canalicules and nasal duct, in the same way 

 lhat the tympanic cavity communicates with 

 tin ''\terior only by the Eustachian tube. A 

 congenital fissure or total absence of the mem- 

 brana tympani is an irregularity of structure 

 in the ear, which may be compared to what is 



i in the eye. A mind accustomed to 

 ti.n r analogies will perceive a resemblance : 

 to the external auditory passage in that short 



ut the opening of the eyelids extending 

 from the inner edge of the tarsal margin to the 

 outer; to the ceruminous glands in the Mei- 

 boinian follicles; and to the hairs at the en- 

 trance of the auditory passage in the eyelashes. 



n-icle, if it is necessary to look for a part 

 corresponding to it, may be placed in the same 

 "ry with the eyebrows. 



JIIUI.IOGRAPHY. General Works on the Organ 



of Hearing, 



Gabriel Ftillapita, Observationes Anatomicae. 

 Colonia*, 1562, Bvo. Btirtholitmeu* Eustachius, Epis- 

 tola de or^anis amlilus. In ejus Opusculis Anato- 

 micis. Vcnctiis, 1563, 4to. pp. 148-164. Volcher 

 Kvitt-r, De auitims instrumento. In ejus extern, 

 et intern. prinrin. c. h. partiiim tabula-, &c. Nori- 

 . 1573, fol. pp. 88-105. Hieronymtu Fabri- 

 n'w* nil A ijfun't > ."I, ntc, Libcllus de visione, voce ct 

 niuliiu. Rcc. in ejus Opp. a B. S. Albino cilitis. 

 Ijui:d. liaiav. 1737, fol. Julius Casserius, De vocis 

 audilusque organis historia anatomica. Ferrari*, 

 HM), fol. Kt in rjus Pentaestheseion, h. e. de 

 quinqur srnsilius lilirr. Francof. 1610, fol. lib. iv. 

 pp. MH.^iv"). fV.n/f.v l\i>n,.. Nova intrrnae auris 

 ilrlmt ,uin. Vi'iu-tiU. IMS. 4. Rccus. in Bartho- 

 lini i-pistolis ct in llallcri collect, dissert, anat. 

 . p. 365. Jinn .Vtrv, llcsciiption exactc de 

 1'oreillr ; ed. cum Lamy i'\pii<-. im i-han. lies fonc- 

 li.ms d l':unr. 1'aris, 1|>H7, 12mo. Cuii-liiiril 

 'it sur 1'or^anr do 

 1'ouic, Mem. dc Palis, vol. i. p. 395. Ditto, Truiu 



* Ilildfbraiidt's Anatomic, Haul. iv. p. 39. 



dc 1'organc dc I'onic, contenant la Mruciun-. In 

 usages ct lea maladies {!' tuutrs li -, parties do 

 P.iri-, lli3-1718, 12tno. L.-i,U-, 17:tl, 

 8vo. Treatise on the organ of hearing. London, 

 1737, 8vo. G. C. Sf/irl/iiiiuiiH-r, De auditu liber 

 uuus, &c. Lugd. Kalav. 16H4. Bvo. Kec. in Man- 

 gcti Hitil. anat. toni. ii. A . M. Valsttlva, Dc aure 

 humana tractalus, &c. Gcncvae, 1716, 4to. Ditto, 

 Opera, h. c. tractatus dc aure humana cditione liac 

 quarta accuratis^inu- ilr^criptus tabulisque . - ir< IH-- 

 typis exornatus, &c. Omnia rcccnsuit, &c. Joannes 

 liaptista Morgagnus : tomi duo. Venetiis, 1740, 

 4to. R. Vieuaetu, Epiatola ad Societatcm Reg. 

 Lond. missa dc organo auditus. Philoso|ihical 

 Transactions, 1099, vol. xxi. p. 37O. Ditto, Traitfi 

 de la structure dc 1'orcille. Toulouse, 1714, 4to. 

 J. F. Casscbohm, Disp. anat. inaug. de aure intcrna. 

 Francof. cis Viadr. 1730, 4to. Ditto, Tractatu* 

 quatuor anatomic! de aure huuiana, trilms tii:ura- 

 i-iiin ial)iilis illustrati. Ilal.f Magd., 1734, 4to. 

 Ditto, Tractatus quimus de aure humana, cui accc- 

 dii tractatus sextus anatomicus de uure monstri 

 hutnaui c. tribus nguraruin tabulis. Hala? Magd. 

 1735, 4to. B. S, AlUnui, De aure humana intc- 

 riorc. In ejus Academicarum annotationum, lib. 

 iv. Lridw, 1758, 4to. cap. ii. p. 14-15, tab. i. ii. 

 Geoffroy, Dissertations sur 1 organc dc 1'ouie ; 

 1. de I'hommc ; 2o. des reptile* \ 3o. des poissons. 

 Amsterdam. 1778, 8vo. A. Scarpa, Disquisitionca 

 anatomiex dc auditu et olfactu. Ticini et Meiiio- 

 lani, 1789, fol. c. tab. a?n. A. Comparetti, Obser- 

 vationcs an itomica: de aure intcrna comparata, c. 

 tab. iii. a-n. Patavii, 4to. The date, 1789, is on 

 the title-page, but the book did not appear until 

 1791. C. F. L. Wildberg, Vcrsuch einer anato- 

 misch - pbysiologisch - 'pathologischen Abhandlung 

 iibcr die Gchiirweikzeugc des Menschen. Mit Kup- 

 fern. Jena, 1795. N. T. Soemmerrinq, Abbildung- 

 en des mcnschlichon Hororgans. Frankf. a M. 

 1806, fol. Icones organi audilus humani. Francof. 

 1806, fol. J. C. Saunderi, The anatomy of the 

 human ear, &c. with a treatise on the diseases of 

 that organ, &c. Lond. 1829. C. E. Pohl, Expo- 

 sitio gcncralis anatomica organi audilus per classes 

 animaliutn. Accedunt quinque tabula; lithogra- 

 pbicw. Vindobonae, 1818, 4to. T. H. Weber, De 

 aure et auditu bominis el animalium. I.ipsia- 1 , 

 1820. /'. De Blainmlle, Traite de I'organisation 

 des Animaux, &c. vol. i. Aestheseiologie. Paris, 

 1822. J. van der Hoevcn, Disput. anat. phys. de 

 organo auditus in hornine. Traj. ad Rhcn. 1822, 

 8vo. Expose sommairc des nouvclles rechcrches 

 du Dr. Ribcs sur quclques parties de 1'orcille in- 

 terne, in Magcndie, Journal de Physiologic Experi- 

 rocntalc, vol. ii. p. 237. A, Fucker, Tractatus 

 anatomico-physiologicus dc auditu hominis, cum 

 tribus tabul. ri incis. Mosquae, 1825, Bvo. J. C, 

 Teule, De Poreille, cssai d'anatomie ct de physio- 

 logic pro-cede d'un expose des lois de 1'acoustiquc. 

 Paris, 1828, 8vo. G. lireschet, Recherchcs ana- 

 tomiques ct physioloqur.s sur Torgane dc 1'ouic et 

 sur ['audition, dans I'hommc ct Ics animaux veite- 

 bres, 4to. Paris, 1836. Also in Memoircs de 

 1'Acadcmie Royale de Medecine, torn. v. 3c fasci- 

 cule. Paris, 1836. C. G. Lincte, Das Gehb'rorgan 

 in anatomischor, phvsiologischcr und patbologisch- 

 anatomischcr Hinsicht ; also, under the title, Hand- 

 buch dcr thcorctiscben und praktischcn OhrenbeiU 

 kundo. Istr. Band. Leipzig, 1837. 



Works on particular parts of the organ of hearing. 



On the labyrinth. J. G. Brcnrlel, Progr. de au- 

 ditu in apicc concha:. Goctting. 1747. Rccus. in 

 Hallcri Collect, diss. anat. vol. iv. p. 399. Progr. 

 quxdam analccta dc concha anris humana-. 

 lingse, 1747, 4to. ; also in Ms Opusc. edit, \\ris- 

 bcrg. Goctt. 1769, 4to. vol. i. J. G. Zinn, 

 . s dc vasi< subtilioribus oculi etcocliit 

 inii-riia'. do, tiiiu-ii.-, 1753, 4to. D. Cvtnnni, De 

 aqtiadiiclili'is auris buinana? internee anatomica dis- 

 scrtatio. Ncapoli, 1761, 8vo. Vienna', 1774, 8vo. 

 in Sandifort Thesaur. dissert, vol. i. p. 389, 

 J'. h\ Mivkd, Diss. dc labyrinth! auris coutcmit. 



2 i- 2 



