CHAPTER V 

 HEAD-FOLD TO TWELVE SOMITES 



(From about the twenty-first to the thirty-third hour of incubation) 



I. ORIGIN OF THE HEAD-FOLD 



AT the end of the period described in Chapter IV, the embryo 

 is represented by a central differentiated area of the blastoderm, 

 lying within the area pellucida, distinguished anteriorly by the 

 medullary plate and head-process, and posteriorly by the primitive 

 streak. The layers of the embryonic area are everywhere continu- 

 ous with the corresponding layers of the extra-embryonic blasto- 

 derm, with no clear line of division between the two. In the course 

 of the second and third days the embryo becomes clearly defined 

 by its own growth, and by the formation of bounding folds. 



The delimitation of the embryo from the blastoderm begins 

 immediately after the formation of the head-process by the for- 

 mation of a fold at the anterior end of medullary plate known as 

 the head-fold (Fig. 42). Seen from the surface, this fold has a 

 semicircular outline, the concavity of which is directed posteriorly 

 (Fig. 44). It involves both the ectoderm and entoderm. A later 

 stage is shown in sagittal section in Figs. 46 and 47: the ecto- 

 derm and entoderm immediately in front of the medullary plate 

 make a sharp bend downwards and backwards, and then turn 

 forward again. The head-fold thus produces an internal bay in 

 the entoderm, the beginning of the fore-gut. There is similarly an 

 external bay, the posterior angle of which is the head-fold proper, 

 lying beneath the projecting head. These bays are of course 

 turned in opposite directions, the internal one opening into the 

 subgerminal cavity posteriorly, and the external one opening 

 anteriorly on the surface of the blastoderm. 



The transition from the ectoderm of the medullary plate into 

 that of the under surface of tho head and the proanmion is u grad- 

 ual one. The difference is, however, very strongly marked (Fig. 

 47). The formation of the head-fold is due to the more rapid 



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