36 MAMMALIA. BIMANA. 



backwards from beneath the base of the nostrils, forms what is 

 called the facial angle, and the number of degrees in this angle 

 gives the measure of the relative prominence of the jaws and fore- 

 head. In the human race the facial angle approaches nearly to a 

 right angle, and the obliquity of the line has been observed to in- 

 crease as we descend the scale of animated beings, till at last the 

 cranium and face form parts of one horizontal line. 



This theory of comparative intelligence founded on the facial line, 

 proposed by Professor Camper, corroborates in some measure the idea 

 that the intelligence of animals may be estimated by the compara- 

 tive size of the brain. At the same time it must be observed, that 

 in many animals the facial line does not measure the actual promi- 

 nence of the brain but that of the frontal sinuses, which, in the Car- 

 nivoraj many of the Ruminantia, and the elephant, elevate the faci- 

 al line considerably. In the human race, however, and the qua- 

 drumarrous animals, where the frontal sinuses are inconsiderable, this 

 elevation may be conceived to arise for the most part from the great- 

 er capacity of the cranium. In man the facial angle varies from 

 65 to 85 in adults, while in children it reaches to 90, a sufficient 

 proof, it has been observed, of the inadequacy of this standard as a 

 measure of intellect. 



Fruits, roots, and succulent vegetables, appear to be the natural 

 food of man. His hands afford him facility in procuring these, and 

 his short and comparatively weak jaws, his canine teeth not project- 

 ing beyond the line of the others, and his tuberculous molar teeth, 

 would not permit him to feed on herbage or devour flesh, unless 

 those aliments were previously prepared by the culinary process. But 

 once in possession of fire, and assisted by the arts of his own inven- 

 tion, to take animals by stratagem or to kill them at a distance, the 

 whole living world is converted to his use, and the means of mul- 

 tiplying his species are infinitely augmented. 



The organs of digestion in man are in conformity with those of 

 mastication. The stomach is simple, the intestinal canal of mode- 

 rate length, the large intestines well-marked, the ccecum thick and 

 short, and augmented by a thin appendage; the liver is divided in- 

 to two lobes and a smaller one ; and the epiploon hangs in front of 

 the intestines, extending even into the pelvis. To complete the 

 anatomical detail as far as necessary in this place, it may be added, 

 that the cranium is formed of eight bones ; one frontal, one ethmoid, 

 one sphenoid, and one occipital all on the mesial plane, and one 

 parietal and one temporal on each side of this plane. The bones 

 of his face are fourteen in number; two maxillary and two malar, 

 each of which is attached to the temporal of the same side by a pro- 

 cess, called the zygomatic arch ; two nasal bones, two lachrymal at 

 the internal sides of the orbits, two palate bones, two inferior turbi- 

 nated bones within the nostrils, the vomer between the nostrils, and 

 lastly, the single bone of the lower jaw. Each jaw has sixteen teeth ; 

 four incisors in the niiddLg, two pointed canine teeth at the cor- 

 ners, and ten molar teeth with tubercular crowns, five on each side, 

 making in all thirty-two. 



