470 BOTANY. 



hairs, are enclosed in two follicular plates, broadest in the middle. 

 15. The Sapotce or Hilospermce, named thus from their seeds hav- 

 ing a very distinct umbilicus, are exotic shrubs and trees with a 

 milky juice, simple and alternate leaves, the flowers small, and in 

 bundles, and the fruit berries or drupes. 



X. The tenth order of Natural Families includes Dicotyledo- 

 nous, monoclinous, monopetalous plants with the stamina inserted 

 around the pistil. It comprehends four families. 1. Ebenacece : 

 Trees or shrubs, for the most part exotic, among which are found 

 the tree producing the wood called ebony. 2. Rhodoracece : Shrubs 

 of which the leaves during their developement have often their 

 margins rolled downwards. 3. Ericece : Shrubs with very small 

 leaves, often opposite or verticillate. The corolla generally dies 

 on the stem and suffers little change of colour ; and the anthers 

 are often forked at their base. 4. Campanulacece : These are for 

 the most part herbaceous plants, with the stem inclosing a milky 

 juice. Their leaves are simple, often dentated. The calyx is at- 

 tached to the ovary, and unites with it. 



XI. XII. The eleventh and twelfth orders comprise all the gene- 

 ra of plants with a monopetalous corolla inserted above the pistil, as 

 in the compound flowers and others. But the union of the anthers, 

 which forms the character of the Syngenesia in the sexual system, 

 indicating a natural division, M. Jussieu preserves it. The com- 

 pound flowers are so named because their flowers include a great 

 number of small florets surrounded by a common calyx, or rather 

 by bracteee, which seem to constitute a single flower. All the flo- 

 rets inclose five stamina of which the filaments, arising from the 

 corolla, surround the pistil, and are joined by the anthers. The 

 ovary is always simple, but sometimes the style is terminated by 

 two stigmata. Tlie seed is often surmounted with a tuft of hairs, 

 sometimes simple, sometimes ramified and crossed by lateral hairs, 

 which are hygrometrical. The central portion of the common flower, 

 upon which the seeds are placed, named the receptacle, is naked, 

 chaffy, or bristly. 1. The Chicoracece, corresponding to the semi- 

 flosculose or ligulate flowers, have all their florets hermaphrodite, 

 tubular, and tongue-shaped. The receptacle is thin, the greater part 

 have a milky juice when young, and their leaves are alternate. In 

 many of the species the flowers expand in the morning and close 

 towards mid-day. This family includes many genera. 2. Cinaro- 

 cephalce or Capitatce. These have all the flowers flosculose, that is, 

 composed of tubular and not tongued-shaped florets. The greater 

 part are hermaphrodite, though there are some neuters and females. 

 They have commonly a chaffy or hairy receptacle ; the seeds are 

 crowned with a sessile tuft of simple or plumose hairs ; and the 



