98 GRAMINE.E 



from right to left. Honey-sugar is probably a mixture of the two 

 varieties right- and left-handed. It is readily altered to a crystal- 

 line and granular mass of grape-sugar in dried fruit, as in the raisin, 

 the prune, and solidified honey. This, the common form of grape- 

 sugar, is right-handed, and is called dextrose (dextrogyrate), to 

 distinguish it from laevulose. Barley-sugar is made by heating cane- 

 sugar till it fuses, becoming thus, in a great measure, uncrystalline. 

 Molasses (treacle) Syrupus fuscus (official 1860-1870) is the result 

 from the evaporation of cane-sugar syrup; it is a mixture of cane- 

 sugar with uncrystallizable sugar and coloring matter. 



DESCRIPTION. Sugar or sucrose, Ci2H2iOn, is in "white, dry, hard, dis- 

 tinctly crystalline granules, odorless, and having a purely sweet taste. 

 Permanent in the air." The aqueous solution saturated at i5C. 

 (59F.) has a sp. gr. of 1.345 and is miscible with water in all propor- 

 tions, soluble in 175 parts of alcohol. 



OTHER SUGARS. Saccharum Lactis. Lactose obtained from the whey of 

 cows' milk and purified by recrystallization. 



SOURCE AND DESCRIPTION. It is prepared from cows' milk by evaporat- 

 ing the whey after removing the curd. Cows' milk contains from 

 4.5 to 4.9 per cent, of sugar. It crystallizes in large hard prisms, has a 

 feebly sweet taste and is soluble in six parts of cold water. It occurs 

 in white, hard crystalline masses or as a white powder feeling gritty 

 to the tongue, odorless, permanent in air. Like cane-sugar it forms 

 compounds with metallic oxides, and reduces alkaline copper solu- 

 tions. Practically insoluble in alcohol, ether, or chloroform. It is 

 not effected directly by ferments. When heated with mineral acids 

 it forms dextrose and galactose. 



ACTION AND USES. When injected into the blood-vessels it appears un- 

 altered in the urine. When taken in the alimentary canal it is 

 perfectly assimilated. When administered in large doses it acts as 

 an active diuretic. Milk loses this diuretic effect on being boiled. 

 Used in making tablet triturates. 



MANNOSE (from mannite) ; maltose (from starch by the action of dilute 

 acid or diastase); melitose (from eucalyptus). 



CARAMEL, N.F. is a name applied to burnt sugar (Saccharum 

 ustum), used in the liquid form as a coloring for spirits, vinegar, etc. 

 SACCHARUM UVEUM. Grape-sugar. Glucose. Yellowish or whit- 

 ish masses or granules much less sweet than cane-sugar. Composition 

 C 6 H 12 6 H 2 0. 



ACTION AND USES. Demulcent and lenitive. Used in making the 

 various syrups and compound syrups of the Pharmacopoeia, etc. 



OFFICIAL PREPARATION. Syrupus. 



