QUERCUS 139 



JUGLANDACEJE. Walnut Family 



A small family of trees with monoecious flowers and the fruit a nut. 



101. JUGLANS, N.F. BUTTERNUT. The root-bark of Jug'lans cine'rea Linne", 

 collected in autumn. Off. U.S. P. 1890. Corky layer very thin, smooth, 

 grayish, easily removed, leaving a smooth, deep-brown surface; inner surface 

 pure white when the bark is first removed from the tree, but changes to 

 deep brown on exposure. In the market it is found in flat or curved pieces 

 about % of an inch (5 mm.) thick, the outer surface dark gray and nearly 

 smooth, or, deprived of the soft cork, deep brown, the inner surface striate. 

 Fracture short, whitish-and-brown checkered; medullary rays somewhat 

 diagonal; odor feeble; taste bitter, somewhat acrid. The leaves and bark of 

 Juglans nigra (101 a) (black walnut) have been used as an alterative and deob- 

 struent, and the bark of Carya alba (101 b) (shellbark hickory) as a tonic and 

 antiperiodic. The kernels of the nuts of all these trees yield about 25 per cent, 

 of a pale greenish fixed oil (Oleum Juglandis, or nut oil), used as a demulcent. 

 Constituents: Bitter oily extractive, in large proportion juglandic acid, dcHeOs, 

 tannin (?), two other acids, one of them volatile, with potassium, sodium, 

 and other salts. A mild cathartic, especially valuable in habitual constipa- 

 tion. It was much used in the army during the Revolutionary War. Dose: 

 I to 2 dr. (4 to 8 Gm.). 



CUPULIFERS. Oak Family 



An important order on account of its valuable wood. It is characterized by 

 alternate leaves and monoecious flowers, the sterile ones in catkins, the fertile in 

 clusters or spikes, and the fruit a I -seeded nut, with or without a woody, scaly 

 involucre (cupule). 



Synopsis of Drugs from the Cupulifera 



A. Bark. B. Excrescence. C. Leaves. 



*Quercus, 102. GALLA, 105. "Castanea, 106. 



Alnus, 103. ACIDUM TANNI- OLEUMBETUL) 



Fagus, 104. CUM, 105 a. VOLATILE, 107. 



ACIDUM GALLI- D. Heart-wood. 



CUM, 105 b. Ostrya, 108. 



PYROGALLOL, 105 c. 



102. QUERCUS, N.F WHITE OAK 



WHITE OAK 



The bark of Quer'cus al'ba Linn6, collected from trunk or branches ten to twenty- 

 five years of age and deprived of the periderm. 



DESCRIPTION OF DRUG. Flat pieces about 6 mm. (% in.) thick, deprived of the 

 thick, corky layer; pale brown; coarsely fibrous; inner surface traversed by 

 prominent longitudinal ridges; fracture coarse, fibrous (the tissue contains 

 groups of stone cells and crystals of calcium oxalate); odor faintly tan-like; 

 taste very astringent. It is usually found in the shops as a coarse, fibrous 

 powder. 



Powder. Pale brown. Characteristic elements: Parenchyma of cortex, 

 rather _ thin-walled, pale brownish rosy hue, some with brown resin or irregular 

 brownish-yellow tannin masses; calcium oxalate, aggregate or prisms (10 to 

 20 n in diam.); sclerenchyma with stone cells (25 to 40 n in diam.), thick- walled ; 

 bast fibers 15 to 30 /t thick, long, rather large, thick- walled ; crystal fibers with 



