202 PAPAVERACE^: 



rated, yields crude codeine on evaporation. Obtained artificially by heating 

 morphine with methyl iodide and soda or potassa. 



Preparation of Narceine. The concentrated infusion of opium is shaken with 

 ether. This removes narcotine. If alkali be added in excess, codeine is deposited. 

 Prom thejfiltrate morphine can be crystallized, and from the mother liquor nar- 

 ceine may be obtained upon evaporation. 



Preparation of Meconic Acid. Add CaCl 2 to an infusion of opium, which pre- 

 cipitates ^calcium meconate; decompose the latter by dilute HC1 at i8oF. This 

 deposits the calcium bimeconate, which is dissolved in warm concentrated HC1, 

 from which the pure meconic acid deposits in cooling. 



ACTION AND USES. Stimulant, narcotic, anodyne, antispasmodic, and 

 intoxicant. It restrains the movements and checks the secretions of 

 the stomach and intestinal canal. The dominant action of opium, 

 however, is upon the brain, first producing mental and emotional 

 exhilaration, then hypnotic depression. It is a powerful respira- 

 tory depressant, death usually resulting from paralysis of the respira- 

 tory center in the medulla. Toxic doses, also, finally paralyze both 

 the heart and vagi, and produce a rapid and feeble pulse. While the 

 effects are due to the morphine present, the drug is not fully repre- 

 sented by this alkaloid. Codeine is also hypnotic, but affects the 

 cerebrum less. Narcotine is antiperiodic. Thebaine is sudorific and 

 excitant. Dose of opium: i to 2 gr. (0.065 to 0.13 Gm.). 



POISONING shows three stages or degrees as follows: 



1. Rather slow respiration, slow heart but good blood pressure, 

 much contracted pupils. The patient is sluggish or inattentive. 

 There may be nausea perhaps retching or vomiting. 



2. A stupor which supervenes in from fifteen to thirty minutes. 

 The face is cyanotic flushed, the skin warm, the respirations regular, 

 only 4 to 10 per minute, slow heart but blood pressure remains 

 good, pupils pin point, the patient hi a state of unconsciousness 

 from which he can be aroused with difficulty. 



3. This stage is manifested by coma and collapse. The skin is 

 cyanotic, cold and clammy, the pulse is weak, patient cannot be 

 aroused, respirations are very infrequent and shallow about 3 or 4 

 per minute. 



ANTIDOTES. Emetics, apomorphine subcutaneously injected, strong 

 coffee and stimulants, evacuation by mechanical means (stomach- 

 pump, etc.), or rousing and walking the patient. Atropine is the 

 physiological antagonist. 



OFFICIAL PREPARATIONS. 



Opii Pulvis (10 to 10.5 per cent. 



of anhydrous Morphine), Dose: % to 2 gr. (0.016 to 0.13 Gm.). 



Extractum Opii (20 per cent. Mor- 

 phine) % to i gr. (0.016 to 0.065 Gm.) . 



Opium Deodoratum (12 to 12.5 per 

 cent. Morphine) , % to 2 gr. (0.016 to 0.13 Gm.). 



Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita, ... (2^ fl. dr.). 



Opium Granulatum, (i Gm.). 



