404 



RUBIACE.E 



ether; turns the plane of polarization to the right. A cold aqueous 

 solution of the sulphate yields a white precipitate with potassium 

 iodide T. S. (difference from sulphate of, quinine). Represented in 

 Quinidinae Sulphas. 



Among the unofficial alkaloids and principles found in the bark are 

 the following: Isomeric with quinine and quinidine is quinicine; with 

 cinchonine and cinchonidine, are cinchonicine, homocinchonine, 

 homocinchonidine, homocinchonicine, and apoquinamine ; a brown 

 amorphous alkaloid is obtainable from the mother-liquor known as 



chinoidine (quinoidine), a mix- 

 ture of various not well-defined 

 alkaloidal substances; kinicacid, 

 C7Hi 2 O 6 , and kino vie acid; 

 kinovin; bitter cinchonic acid 

 (derived from preceding); vola- 

 tile oil, a minute quantity. 



Separation of Total Alkaloids. Moisten 

 powdered cinchona with ammonia water 

 and allow it to stand for an hour, then 

 hot water is added. To the mixture, 

 after cooling, milk of lime is added and 

 the whole evaporated to dryness. This 

 is placed in an extraction apparatus and 

 exhausted with ether. Water acidulated 

 with HC1 is added to neutralize the 

 alkaloids and the ether distilled off. The 

 cooled liquid is filtered and decinormal 

 solution of soda is added. Finally, sodium 

 hydrate is added to complete the precipi- 

 tation of the alkaloids. There are numer- 

 ous other processes, but this seems a 

 simple and satisfactory one to use for 

 assay purposes. 



Fl u ' , 2 32.Cinchona rubra Cross-section of YlELD OF ALKALOID. The richest 



bark. A. Cork cells. B. Cortical parenchyma. 

 C. Coloring matter, deposits between and 

 within the cells. D. Medullary ray. (Black 

 line from D should not extend beyond the first 

 two rows of cells of the figure.) E. Bast fibers. 



government bark brought to 

 the market until recently has 

 not exceeded 9^ per cent, of 

 sulphate of quinine; 7 to 8 per cent, is a good average in government 

 plantations. Barks taken from the trees in the government gardens 

 at Pioeng Goenoeg, Java, have recently been analyzed and found to 

 equal respectively 12.66 and 16.04 P er cent - f quinine sulphate. 

 ACTION AND USES. The action of cinchona bark is due almost entirely 

 to the alkaloids therein contained. Quinine is a powerful antiseptic, 

 destructive, in weak solution, to infusorial and vegetable life. In- 

 ternally it stimulates the muscular fibers of the stomach, acting as a 

 bitter tonic, invigorating the vital functions and aiding digestion. In 

 large doses the brain is affected, giving rise to symptoms such as full- 

 ness, frontal headache, deafness, ringing in the ears, and mental 

 dullness. This effect is called "cinchonism" attributed to partial 



