454 SEROTHERAPY 



This variola inoculata, however, had the disadvantage of being contagious 

 and also generally caused a permanent closure of the nasal passages. 



Lady Mary Wortley Montague found small-pox vaccination being 

 used in Turkey in 1718 and shortly thereafter introduced the practice 

 into Europe. This method was used more or less until the discovery by 

 Jenner in 1798 that the virus of cowpox was just as efficacious for vacci- 

 nation as the virus of virulent small-pox. Jenner's method was to vacci- 

 nate with points prepared from vesicles of human cowpox, but the not 

 infrequent transmission of syphilis by this means brought about the use 

 of a vaccine prepared from the vesicles of cowpox in calves. 



It was not until in 1880 that intelligent progress began in serotherapy. 

 From 1860 the master mind of Louis Pasteur dominated the realm of 

 microbiology and in 1880 he announced the discovery of a method of 

 vaccination against fowl cholera, and in 1881 he published his method 

 of vaccination against anthrax. On a farm at Pouilly le Fort sixty 

 sheep were placed at Pasteur's disposal. Ten of these received no treat- 

 ment, and twenty-five were vaccinated. Some days afterward the latter 

 were inoculated with virulent anthrax and also twenty-five which had 

 received no vaccine. The twenty-five non-vaccinated sheep died, the 

 twenty-five vaccinated ones remained healthy and in the same condition as 

 the ten control animals. This convincing experiment was followed by 

 others. 



In 1885, as the result of much animal experimentation, Pasteur 

 related to the Academy of Science his discovery of a method of vacci- 

 nation against rabies, or hydrophobia. An institute for the preparation 

 of vaccines was 1 built by public subscription and named the Pasteur 

 Institute and since that date many similar establishments have been 

 founded in different parts of the world. 



As the result of the pioneer work on toxins by Roux and Yersin, 

 Behring, in 1890, discovered the antitoxin for diphtheria; however, this 

 serum did not come into general use as a curative until five years later. 

 The subsequent researches on the constitutions of toxins and antitoxins 

 by Ehrlich, Metchnikoff and others have been productive of a better 

 understanding of the problems of immunity. 



I. PROPHYLACTIC SEROTHERAPY 



A. ACTIVE IMMUNITY 



It has been suggested that a general principle prevails to the effect 

 that any infection in which an attack confers strong and lasting immunity 

 must be bacterial rather than protozoan in its etiology. On the contrary, 

 however, it cannot be said that all bacterial diseases confer strong immun- 

 ity but there are a large number of examples known. Indeed, different 

 infections may bring about five different results in a human; for instance: 



