POWDERED DRUGS 



The second example is illustrated by two roots taken from closely 

 related species Brazilian Ipecac, Fig. 277; Psycho tria Ipecacuanha 

 (Stokes) of the British Pharmacopoeia; Cephaelis Ipecacuanha (A. Richard) 

 of the U.S. P.; and undulated Ipecac (Fig. 278), which represents species 

 from several different genera, such as Richardsonia, Psychotria, lonidium, 

 etc. The starch grains from each specimen are similar in form and struc- 

 ture, the only difference being that the starch grains from Brazilian 

 Ipecac, ranging in size from 4 to 15 microns, are uniformly smaller than 



e> *4P4^> 



FIG. 277. Powdered Ipecacuanha Root (Cephtelis ipecacuanha). (X 210.) a, a', a", Starch 

 grains, simple and compound, ccr. Cells with calcium oxalate. fi. Fibrous cells. /, Bast, pc, p'S, 

 Cortical parenchyma in longitudinal and transverse section, ph, p'h', Phelloderm in surface view 

 and section, ra, Raphides. s, s 7 , Cork in surface view^and profile, tra, Tracheids. (From 

 Greenish and Collin.) 



are those of undulated Ipecac. The elements of the xylem, however, 

 furnish a ready and reliable means of distinguishing between these two 

 powders. The xylem of Brazilian Ipecac consists of tracheids, tra, Fig. 

 277; and of peculiar strongly pitted wood parenchyma, which somewhat 

 resembles tracheids, fi, Fig. 277. Undulated Ipecac shows the presence 

 of strongly pitted water tubes (pitted vessels), v, Fig. 278, and quite 

 typical wood fibers, fl, Fig. 278. Brazilian Ipecac does not show water 

 tubes, unless fragments of the stems become mixed with the roots. 



As a third example, the leaves of Belladonna, Fig. 279, and Hyos- 

 cyamus, Fig. 280, furnish an excellent illustration. The epidermal cells 



