LIGAMENTS OF THE TRUNK. 



synovial membranes entering into the composi- 

 tion of joints, there are numerous smaller sacs 

 of a similar kind interposed between surfaces 

 which move upon each other so as to cause 

 friction ; they are often associated with the arti- 

 culations. These are the bursce mucosee ; they 

 are shut sacs, analogous in structure to synovial 

 membranes, and secreting a similar synovial 

 fluid. 



The epithelium of synovial membranes is of 

 the kind termed tessellated ; it is developed in 

 the same manner with the epithelium of other 

 free surfaces, and is continually reproduced 

 from beneath, while the superficial layers are 

 being rubbed off and lost. 



137 



Fig. 71.< 



ARTICUL ATI ON S. 



The joints may be arranged, according to a natural division, into those 

 of the trunk, those of the upper extremity, and those of the lower 

 extremity. 



LIGAMENTS OF THE TRUNK. The articulations of the trunk are divisible 

 into ten groups, viz. 



1. Of the vertebral column. 



2. Of the atlas, w r ith the occipital bone. 



3. Of the axis, with the occipital bone. 



4. Of the atlas, with the axis. 



5. Of the low r er jaw. 



6. Of the ribs, with the vertebrae. 



7. Of the ribs, with the sternum, and with each other. 



8. Of the sternum. 



9. Of the vertebral column, with the pelvis. 

 10. Of the pelvis. 



1 . Articulation of Hie Vertebral Column. The ligaments connectmg 

 together the different pieces of the vertebral column, admit of the same 

 arrangement with that of the vertebrae themselves. Thus the ligaments 



Of the bodies are the 



Anterior common ligament, 

 Posterior common ligament, 

 Intervertebral substance. 

 Ligamenta subflava. 

 Capsular ligaments, 

 Synovial membranes. 

 Inter-spinous, 

 Supra-spinous. 

 Of the transverse processes, Inter-transverse. 



Of the arches, 



Of the articular processes, 



Of the spinous processes, 



* Epithelium of serous membrane: At a, an accidental fold is represented, the two 

 dark edges of which exhibit the thickness of the particles, and of their nuclei, b. One 

 of the oval nuclei, c. Line of junction between two particles. Magnified 300 d>a- 

 iKeters. 



12* 



