206 MUSCLES OF THE BACK. 



The MULTIFIDUS SPIN.E* consists of a great number of fleshy fascicul. 

 extending between the transverse and spinous processes of the vertebra?, 

 from the sacrum to the axis. Each fasciculus arises from a transverse pro- 

 cess, and is inserted into the spinous process of the first or second vertebra 

 above. Some deep fasciculi of the multifidus spinae have recently been 

 described by Professor Theile under the name ofrotatores spince. 



Relations. By its superficial surface with the longissimus dorsi, semi- 

 spinalis dorsi, and semi-spinalis colli. By its deep surface with the arches 

 and spinous processes of the vertebral column, and in the cervical region 

 with the ligamentum nuchae. 



The LEVATORES COSTARUM, twelve in number on each side, arise from 

 the transverse processes of the dorsal vertebras, and pass obliquely out- 

 wards and downwards to be inserted into the rough surface between the 

 tubercle and angle of the rib below them. The first of these muscles 

 arises from the transverse process of the last cervical vertebra, and the last 

 from that of the eleventh dorsal. The levatores of the inferior ribs, besides 

 the distribution here described, send a fasciculus downwards to the second 

 rib below their origin, and consequently are inserted into two ribs. 



Relations. By their superficial surface with the longissimus dorsi and 

 sacro-lumbalis. By their deep surface with the intercostal muscles and 

 ribs. 



The SUPRA-SPINALIS is a small and irregular muscle lying upon the 

 spinous processes in the cervical region and composed of several fasciculi. 

 The fasciculi arise from the inferior cervical and superior dorsal vertebrae, 

 and are inserted into the spinous process of the axis. From its analogy 

 to the spinalis dorsi this muscle has been named spinalis colli. It is 

 sometimes wanting. 



The INTERSPINALES are small muscular slips arranged in pairs and situ- 

 ated between the spinous processes of the vertebrae. In the cervical re- 

 gion there are six pairs of these muscles, the first being placed between 

 the axis and third vertebra, and the sixth between the last cervical and 

 first dorsal. In the dorsal region, rudiments of these muscles are occa- 

 sionally met with between the upper and lower vertebrae, but are absent 

 in the rest. In the lumbar regio?i there are six pairs of interspinales, the 

 first pair occupying the interspinous space between the last dorsal and 

 first lumbar vertebra, and the last the space between the fifth lumbar and 

 sacrum. They are thin and imperfectly developed. Rudimentary inter- 

 spinales are occasionally met with between the lower part of the sacrum 

 and the coccyx ; these are the analogues of the caudal muscles of brutes ; 

 in man they have been named collectively the extensor coccygis. 



The INTERTRANSVERSALES are small quadrilateral muscles situated be- 

 tween the transverse processes of the vertebrae. In the cervical region 

 they are arranged in pairs corresponding with the double conformation of 

 the transverse processes, the vertebral artery and anterior division of the 

 cervical nerves lying between them. The rectus anticus minor and rectus 

 lateralis represent the intertransversales between the atlas and cranium. 

 In the dorsal region the anterior intertransversales are represented by the 

 intercostal muscles, while the posterior are mere tendinous bands, mus- 

 cular only oetween the first and last vertebrae. In the lumbar region, the 



* Professor Theile of Berlin has examined this muscle very closely, and describes a 

 portion of it under the name of ROTATORES SPINJE, which seems to be an unnecessary 

 com p 1 ication. G. 



