APPENDIX A. 



CRANIOMETRICAL DIRECTIONS OF TOPINARD.* 

 Those which we use, only, are here given. 



Essential measurements. 



1. Greatest antero-posterior length: From the glabella to the maximum occipital point. 



2. Greatest transverse width : Upon the parietal or squamous portion of temporal, no matter 



where the maximum may fall. 



3. Basilo-bregmatic diameter : From the basion to bregma. 



4. Smallest frontal width: Shortest distance between the temporal ridges of the frontal bone. 



5. Horizontal circumference: Horizontal circumference of the cranium directly above the super- 



ciliary ridge and across the most prominent point of the orHpiit. 



7. Naso-basilar line: Nasion to basion. 



8. Maximum bizygomatic width: Greatest distance between the.zygomatic arches. 



9. Biorbital width : Maximum external biorbital or bimalar width from external extremity of 



small frouto-malar suture to same point opposite. 



11. Maximum bimaxillary width: Maximum distance between the inferior extremity of the 



inaxillo-malar suture to the corresponding opposite point. 



12. Bigouial width: Froin the external portion of one angle of the jaw to another. 



17. Nasal height or naso-spinal height: From the nasion to the middle of the upper border of the 



lower nasal spine or lower border of nasal aperture. 



18. Maximum width of nasal aperture. 



19. Width of orbit: From the dacryon to the opposite external margin following the direction 



of the grand axis. 



20. Height of orbit : Perpendicular to the preceding, beginning at middle of inferior border. 



22. Occipito-alveolar length: From the maximum occipital point to the alveolar point. 



23. Occipito-spinal length : From the maximum occipital point to the inferior border of the nasal 



aperture. 



24. Capacity of the cranium : Broca's method. 



Complimentary measurements. 



A. Antero-posterior metopic length: From the uietopion to the maximum point of the occiput. 



B. Biasteric or maximum occipital width. 



C. Bijugular or inferior occipital width. 



E. Bitemporal width : From one subtemporal point to another. 



F. Vertical circumference or supra-auricular curve: Between the two supra-auricular points, 



passing upon the bregma. 



G. Anterior and posterior parts of horizontal circumference separated by the supra-auricular 



curve. 



H. Interorbital width : Distance from one dacryon to the other. 

 I. Alveolar external maximum width : Taken at the level of the molar region. 



* TOPINARD : filaments d'Anthropologie G<Sn6rale, Paris, 1885, pp. 979, vt seq. 



279 



