APPENDIX B. 



CRANIOMETRICAL DIRECTIONS OF THE FRANKFURT AGREEMENT,* AUGUST, 1882. 



Those which we nse are here given in full, with the numbers, reference letters, etc., which 



they bear in the original work. 



Horizontal plane of cranium indicated by two lines connecting the lowest points of the borders 



of the orbits with the upper margins of the meati amlitorii at points perpendicularly above their 



centers. 



1. Horizontal length from the central point between the superciliary ridges to the most prominent 

 part of the occiput on a level with the horizontal plane measured with calipers. The 

 horizontal length (L, Figs. 1 and 2) is measured parallel to the horizontal plane, and the 

 taking of this mVasurement shall be by means of the sliding calipers or Spengel's craniometer. 

 Why this is necessary is significantly shown in Fig. 2. If one takes this measurement with 

 the ordinary calipers, especially on a very long skull with strongly projecting occiput, the 

 result is too small if the measurement is not continued to the tangent, which, rising vertically 

 from the horizontal plane, touches the farthest point of the occiput. This can be done only 



FIG. 1. 



FIG. 2. 



with one of the above-mentioned instruments. Indeed, even in their use experience is 

 necessary, and repeated control-experiments. In skulls with full round occiputs the taking 

 of this measurement has no difficulties. As Fig. 1 shows, the most projecting point lies in 

 the same height as the anterior end of L. Respecting this latter point on the glabella 

 (marked S in Fig. 2) a mistake is impossible. Always put the measuring instrument in the 

 median line, therefore, between the superciliary ridges whenever they are separated. As 

 to the greatest length (gr. L, Fig. 2), it is apparent, upon a comparison of Figs. 1 and 2, that 

 a difference between this and the horizontal length can only occur in skulls with very 

 prominent occiputs. In the full, rounded occiput of Fig. 1 both lengths are identical. The 

 sliding calipers and ordinary calipers, accurately applied, give then the same result. In the 

 extreme case taken in Fig. 2 the difference, with a length of 206 mm for the brain capsule, 

 amounts to 5""". Also, the skull length measured from the line of the frontal protuberance, 

 the intertuberal length, coincides in its results very nearly with the greatest length and 

 horizontal length, especially in brachicephalic skulls with well-rounded foreheads. 



' Archiv fiir Anthropologie, Bil. xv, 1884, pp. 1-8. 



281 



