66 PHYSIOLOGY CHAP. 



Gley for the temperature of the stream of urine (37'35 and 36'4). 

 The average temperature of the urine in 241 determinations made 

 by Mantegazza was 37*2. 



In the blood - vessels there is a continual movement of the 

 blood, which takes about twenty -four seconds to perform its 

 circuit, and this has a great influence in equalising the tempera- 

 ture of the different parts of the body, but does not bring about 

 perfect uniformity. In general, the exposed surface of the skin 

 and the peripheral parts show a lower temperature than the 

 internal parts of the body, owing to the continual radiation of 

 heat to the environment, and the evaporation of water from the 

 skin and lungs. 



If we take at the same time the temperature of the arm-pit, 

 the mouth under the tongue, the rectum or the vagina, we find 

 that the mouth is a little hotter than the arm-pit, while the rectal 

 temperature is always distinctly higher than that of the arm-pit. 

 The temperature of the mouth is 0'1-0'2, and that of the rectum 

 0'4-0'o higher than that of the arm-pit (Bernard, Gassot, Forel, 

 Crombie, and others). 



The temperature of the urine during its flow is in many cases 

 the same as that of the rectum, in others somewhat lower, some- 

 times even a little higher. According to Pembrey (1898), the 

 average temperature of the rectum is 0'34 higher than that of 

 the urine, owing to the evaporation to which the latter is subject 

 during its flow. 



The temperature of the exposed surfaces of the skin varies 

 considerably according to the temperature of the surroundings. 

 According to Eubner (1895), at 10 it is 29; at 15, 29*2; at 

 17-5, 30 ; and at 25'6, 31'7. At the same time he found the 

 temperature of the covered skin to be 32-33. 



Not only the temperature of the outer surface, but also that of 

 the deeper parts, varies considerably in the different organs, 

 according to the greater or smaller intensity of their metabolism, 

 the more or less copious supply of blood, and the greater or less 

 protection afforded by their position. 



The upper parts of the abdominal cavity are undoubtedly 

 warmer than the rectum. According to Quincke (1889), the 

 interior of the human stomach is 012 hotter than the rectum. 



Lefevre (1898), in simultaneous determinations of the tempera- 

 ture of the rectum and liver of the dog, found that the latter was 

 11 warmer than the former (39'6-38-5) ; Cavazzani (1894) found 

 the liver of the dog to be 014 -0'63 hotter than the arterial 

 blood, and in normal conditions always warmer than the rectum. 



According to the researches made by Liebig (1853), C. Bernard 

 (1876), Heidenhain and Korner (1871), the venous blood in the 

 internal organs is higher than the arterial, whereas in the 

 parts near the surface it is somewhat lower. The blood in the 



