VIII 



THE HUMAN EACES 



329 



brown, medium or chestnut, and fair. Fair hair may be either 

 golden or flaxen ; it is specially characteristic of the peoples of 

 Northern Europe. Eed or auburn hair cannot be regarded as 

 characteristic of any one race, but must be looked upon as an 

 individual peculiarity; it is generally accompanied by freckles 

 and is seen in countries where there is a crossing of- two races, 

 dark and fair. It is, however, sometimes met with in persons 

 belonging to a pure dark race where no such crossing has taken 

 place, as in the case of European Jews (Broca's Erythism). 

 The hair and beard vary also in length and form in different 

 races. Some observers, Haeckel and Friedrich Muller amongst 



Fio. 129. Types of hair (Virchow). 1, Smooth ; 2, wavy ; 3, spiral ; 4, woolly. 



the number, consider this characteristic to be of the utmost 

 importance, to be indeed a differential characteristic on which, as 

 we shall see later, their classification of the human race is based. 



The hair falls into two main categories as regards its form : 

 woolly (ulotrichi), having an oval transverse section, and smooth 

 (lissotrichi), having a round transverse section. Each of these 

 classes may be further subdivided into two classes (Fig. 129) : 

 woolly hair growing in tufts and hence not uniformly distributed 

 over the head (lofocomi), like the hair of Hottentots and Papuans, 

 and woolly fleecy hair, evenly distributed over the head (ericomi), 

 such as that of African negroes ; smooth or straight, not growing 

 in ringlets or curls (euticomi), like that of Australians, Northern 

 Europeans, Americans, Malayans, Mongolians ; smooth hair 



