viii THE HUMAN EACES 335 



a person measuring less than 135 cm. or more than 190 cm. may 

 be regarded as exceptional. Gould's American statistics, taken in 

 1869, the result of measuring 300,000 individuals, show that of 

 10,000 only one was a giant only one, that is to say, measured 

 over two metres, and barely five per thousand over 190 cm. On 

 the other hand, only one person out of 100,000 measured less than 

 135 cm. This example is taken from the statistics of a com- 

 paratively tall nation, attaining on an average a height of 172 cm. 

 The statistics compiled by Pagliani in 1879 refer to a comparatively 

 short race the Italians. Amongst 7000 persons he found only 

 one attaining a height of 199 cm. or over, whereas three in a 

 thousand were under 135 cm. in height. 



As is well known, there are pigmy races in Africa (Accas) 

 whose average height is 138 cm., and very tall races, like the 

 Scotch of Galloway and the north, whose average height is 

 178 to 179 cm. (Deniker). 



Leaving these extreme cases out of consideration, we find that 

 the average height of the various races inhabiting the globe is 

 from 146 cm. on the one extreme to 175 cm. on the other. If we 

 further eliminate certain very short races (the so-called Negritos, 

 found in Acca, Aeta, the Andamans and Semang), we find that 

 the rest of humanity attains an average and gradually increasing 

 height of from 154 to 175 cm., the average figure being 165 cm., 

 as was found by Topinard, who proposed to classify height as 

 follows : (a) small, under 160 cm. ; (6) under the average, between 

 160 and 164'9 ; (c) over the average, 165 to 169'9; (d) tall, 

 from 170 to 175 cm. 



There has been much discussion as to the origin and character- 

 istics of the African pigmy races, some anthropologists regarding 

 them as the representatives of a single human race of the sub- 

 dolichocephalic type, from which the taller races are derived. 

 Poutrin's excellent work (1911-12) relating to the African 

 pigmies, the so-called Negrillos and Negritos, has, however, proved 

 this theory to be mistaken, and upset the hypothesis that all these 

 pigmy peoples belong to one and the same race. 



He states that there are as many pigmy races as tall ones and 

 that there are no connecting links between them. It is more 

 especially wrong to regard the Negrillo and Negrito groups as 

 a single race. The Negrillos are the representatives in Africa of 

 the race incorrectly termed pigmy," which is very far from being 

 homogeneous not merely in Asia and Africa but also in the groups 

 of the great equatorial forest. The alleged infantile characteristics 

 of the Negrillos (Kollmann and Schmidt) cannot be admitted ; still 

 less can they be taken to represent an initial period in human 

 evolution. 



Since we are unable to ascertain the origin of the Negrillos, 

 we can only state that they inhabited Africa before the Negroes, 



