196 THE LOWER EXTREMITIES. 



fingers, though they are shorter and stronger. The big 

 toe corresponds to the thumb. 



Fracture of the os calcis and the astragalus are most 

 commonly caused by a fall from a height, while the 

 metatarsals and phalanges are generally broken by some- 

 thing heavy falling upon them. Because of their delicate 

 structure, their distance from the heart, and the differ- 



FIG. 80. Bones of the right foot, dorsal surface: 1, Astragalus; 3, os calcis, 

 4, navicular; 5, internal cuneiform; 6, middle cuneiform; 7, external cuneiform; 

 8, cuboid; 9, metatarsus; 10-14, phalanges. (Leidy.) 



ences of temperature to which they are subjected, the 

 tarsal bones are especially liable to become tubercular, 

 amputation of the feet even becoming necessary at times. 

 In diabetes there may be a perforating ulcer on the sole 

 of the foot and the bone may become diseased. 



Muscles of the Leg. The greater part of the calf of the 

 leg is formed by the gastrocnemius , a large bulging mus- 

 cle, which rises from the condyles of the femur and is 

 inserted along with the soleus, whose origin is on the 



