INTRODUCTION. 



As the subject of Regional Surgery and Surgical 

 Anatomy bears directly upon Operative Surgery, it may 

 not be considered out of place to remind the student of 

 the necessity of making most careful inspection of the 

 body as a whole before he attempts the more minute 

 and detailed examination of its various parts. For this 

 purpose both the living model and the dead subject 

 should be examined together. For such examination 

 the body should be lying down in fact, in the position 

 a patient would be placed in for a surgical examination 

 or operation. By the side of the body should be placed 

 an entire articulated skeleton. Careful notice is to be 

 taken of all the surface-markings, and of the superficial 

 bearings of all prominent underlying structures, such as 

 the subcutaneous surfaces of the bones, ligaments, ten- 

 dons, and bursse ; the proper swellings, or contouring, of 

 the muscles, both at rest and in action ; the course of 

 the superficial and deep vessels; the change of aspect in 

 regions, dependent upon alteration of position ; the course 

 and direction of the several natural passages of the body ; 

 the anatomical relations of the lines of incision required 

 in the various operations of surgery ; and the altered 



