108 SURGICAL ANATOMY OF 



upper border corresponds to a line on a level with the 

 upper borders of the third costal cartilages., and its lower 

 border to a line extending between the articulation of the 

 ensiform with the costal cartilage on the right side, to 

 the position of the apex. Hence, for auscultation of the 

 base, the spot is the upper border of the third costal car- 

 tilage, and for the apex, a point about two inches below 



FIG. 18. 



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Diagram of the relatiocs of the thoracic viscera to the walls of the chest 

 (altered from ANGER). 1. Situation of pulmonary orifice. 2. Left auriculo- 

 ventricular orifice. 3. Orifice of aorta. 4. Right auriculo-ventricular orifice. 



5. Limit of the anterior and inferior border of left lung in complete expiration. 



6. Ditto of right lung. 7. Limit of left lurg in inspiration. 8. Ditto of right 

 lung in inspiration. 9. Limit of pleura. 10. Ditto. 11. Superior cul-de-sac of 

 left lung. 12. Ditto of right lung. 13. Right auricle. 14. Right auricular ap- 

 pendage. 15. Left auricle. 16. Limit of diaphragm in complete expiration. 

 17. Ditto, ditto. 18. Ditto, ditto, in complete inspiration. 



the nipple, and one inch towards the middle line of the 

 body. 



The right auriculo-ventricular opening is behind the 



