THE FOOT. 271 



gastrocnemius and soleus. The reduction is effected by 

 flexing the leg at right angles with the thigh, and mak- 

 ing extension from the knee and ankle. 



The relation of the tibia and fibula to each other must 

 be borne in mind in performing amputation through the 

 leg. The fibula lies on a plane posterior to the tibia, 

 and its external border, with about half of its external 

 surface, is situated behind the interosseous ligament; 

 hence, unless care be taken, the knife may be easily en- 

 tered between the bones, instead of taking the necessary 

 oblique course skirting their posterior surfaces. 



Structures Divided in the Double Flap Amputation 

 through the Calf. In the anterior flap : the integument, 

 cutaneous nerves, aponeurosis, tibialis anticus, extensor 

 communis digitorum, and extensor proprius pollicis, 

 peroneus longus and brevis, musculo-cutaneotis nerve, 

 anterior tibial vessels and nerve. In the posterior, the 

 flexor longus digitorum, flexor longus pollicis and tibia- 

 lis posticus, posterior tibial vessels and nerve, peroneal 

 vessels, intermuscular aponeurosis, soleus and plantaris, 

 gastrocnemius, external saphena nerve and vein, inter- 

 nal saphena vein and nerve, aponeurosis and integuments. 



SUKGICAL ANATOMY OF THE FOOT. 



Ankle or Malleolar Region. It has been thought 

 more convenient to postpone the description of the several 

 articulations entering into the conformation of the foot 

 and ankle until all those soft structures which inclose 

 them have been explained ; as all surgical reference to 

 the skeleton must necessarily be made from the surface, 

 it is of importance that all the intermediate parts be de- 



