220 SUB-CLASS (AND ORDER) TELEOSTEI. 



garis Flem., the dace ; L. erythrophthalmus Flem., the rudd or red- 

 eye ; L. phoxinus Flem., the minnow ; L. idus, the id or nerfling, 

 found in Europe, is domesticated in Germany, assuming the golden 

 hue of semialbinism like a goldfish. Tinea Cuv., Eur. and Asia 

 Minor, has been acclimatised in India, T. vulgaris Cuv., the tench, 

 golden tench as a variety, due to albinism, as in the id and gold- 

 fish. Leucosomus Heck., N. Amer., L. pulchellus (fall-fish, dace 

 or roach), L. corporalis (chub), Chondrostoma Ag., Eur. and W. 

 Asia; other Old World genera are Myloleucus, Ctenopharyngodon, 

 Paraphoxinus ; N. American are Mylopharodon, Meda, Orthodon, 

 Acrochilus. 



IX. Rhodenia with genera Achilognathus, Acanthorhodeus, 

 Rhodeus, Pseudoperilampus, roach-like fishes in East. Asia and 

 Japan ; in the females a long external urogenital tube is developed 

 externally in the breeding season ; this deposits the large eggs into 

 the mantle cavity of the pond mussel where they develop. Rh. 

 amarus, the bitterling (Fig. 123), extends into Europe. 



X. Daninina. Small fish from E. Ind. Cont., Ceylon, E. Asiatic 

 Islands, and a few from Afr. rivers ; Danio, Pteropsarion, 

 Aspidoparia, Barilius, Bola, Scharca, Opsariichihys, Squaliobarbus, 

 Ochetobius. 



XI. Hypo- 

 phthalmichthyina. 



With H y p o- 

 phthalmic hthy s 

 from China. 



XII. Abra- 

 midina. Anal fin 

 elongate ; abdo- 

 men or part of 

 the abdomen 



FIG. 12S. Rhodeus amarus, female (after comnressed A- 



v. Siebold, from Claus). 



oramis Cuv., the 



breams, temper- 

 ate parts of both northern hemispheres; A. abr amis Flem., A.blicca 

 Ag., both in Britain and Europe, hybrids between these two species 

 and even other cyprinoids are not rare (Giinther) ; A. ballerus L., 

 the zope, A. vimba L., the zarthe, Europe ; A. crysoleucas Mitchill, 

 shiner, bream, United States. Aspius Ag., E. Eur. to China ; 

 Alburnus Heckel, bleak, Eur., W. Asia ; A. lucidus Heck. u. Kner, 

 Britain, Eur. north of Alps, absent in Scotland and Ireland ; other 

 genera are Leucaspius and Pelecus, Europe ; Pelotrophus, E. Afri. ; 

 and the rest, Rasborichthys, Elopichthys, Acanihobrama, Osteobrama, 

 Chanodichthys, Hemiculter, Smiliogaster, Toxabramis, Culter, Eustira, 

 Chela, Pseudolabuca, Cachius, from E. Ind. or temp. Asia. 



XIII. Homalopterina. Air-bladder absent, hill streams in E. 

 Ind., genera Homaloptera, Gastromyzon, Crossostoma, Psilorhynchus. 



XIV. Cobitidina. Loaches. Barbels 6 or more ; dorsal fin 

 short or of moderate length, anal fin short ; scales small or absent ; 

 pharyngeal teeth in single series ; air-bladder partly or entirely 

 enclosed in bony capsule ; pseudobranch absent. Misgurnus Lacep., 

 Eur. and Asia, M. (Cobitis) fossilis Lacep., largest European 

 loach ; Nemacheilus v. Hass., Eur., Asia, Abyssinia, without spine 



