232 SUB-CLASS (AND ORDER) TELEOSTEI. 



and trop. Africa ; they are able to survive drought in semi-fluid or 

 beneath dry mud, and have an accessory branchial cavity for aerial res- 

 piration ; maxillae excluded from border of upper jaw ; head and body 

 covered with cycloid scales ; pectorals nearer ventral than dorsal line ; 

 pelvics if present near pectoral, with 6 rays ; dorsal and anal fins long, 

 without spines ; air-bladder long. Ophiocephalus, Channa. 



Fam. 59. Anabantidae. Closely related to preceding, but differ in 

 part of the dorsal and anal fins, and the outer ray of the pelvic being 

 spinous. The accesory suprabranchial organ is more developed with thin 

 bony laminae which are more or less folded; f . w. fishes of India. Malay 

 'Pen. and Arch., and Africa. One genus, Anabas Cuv. ; A. scandens 

 Dald., climbing perch, Ind. region, can move on land, and has been taken 

 ascending a tree (five feet up) by means of its pre-opercular and anal 

 fin spines. 



Sub-order 9. ANACANTHINI (GADIFORMES). 



Median and pelvic fins without spinous rays ; the pelvics when 

 present are jugular or thoracic. Air-bladder, if present, with- 

 out duct. Parietals separated by the supraoccipital. Pectoral 

 arch suspended from the skull ; no mesocoracoid. Caudal fin, 

 if present, without expanded hypural, perfectly symmetrical 

 and supported by the neural and haemal spines of the posterior 

 vertebrae and by basal bones similar to those supporting the 

 dorsal and anal rays ; the ventral part of the caudal fin is not a 

 true caudal, but an anal shifted back to the end of the body ; 

 according to this view the condition in the Macruridae must be 

 more primitive than that in the Gadidae. 



Fam. -> 60. Macruridae. Body ending in a long compressed tapering 

 tail without caudal fin ; covered with spiny, keeled or striated scales ; 

 one short anterior dorsal and a long posterior dorsal meeting the long 

 anal at the end of the tail ; deep-sea forms. Bathygadus, Macrurus, 

 Coryphaenoides, Macruronus, Malacocephalus, Moseleya, Lionurus, 

 Lyconus, Gadomus, Melanobranchus, Trachyrhynchus, Hymenocephalus, 

 Steindachneria. 



Fam 61. Gadidae. Cod-fishes. More or less elongate, covered with 

 small smooth scales ; 1, 2 or 3 dorsal fins, 1 or 2 anals ; caudal distinct or 

 confluent with the dorsal and anal, symmetrical, the ventral part of it 

 having interspinous bones ; gill-opening wide ; gill-membrane usually 

 not attached to isthmus ; pseudobranch absent or glandular ; air-bladder 

 and pyloric caeca generally present ; gills 4, a slit behind the 4th ; genera 

 about 25 ; many highly valued as food, chiefly in the northern seas, 

 littoral, surface or abyssal ; one genus (Lota) is f . w. ; some marine mem- 

 bers of the family will live in f. w. lakes close to the sea. Gadus Art. 

 Arctic and temp, zones of the n. hemisphere. G. morrhua L. the cod, G. 

 aeglefinus L. the haddock, G. luscus L. bib or whiting pout, G. minutus L. 

 the power, G. merlangus L. whiting, G. pontassou Risso, G. pollachius L. 

 pollack ; Gadiculus, Mora, Strinsia ; Halargyreus and Melanorius are bathy- 



