236 SUB-CLASS (AND ORDER) TELEOSTEI. 



edible. Haemulon, Anisotremus, Conodon, Pomadasis (Pristipoma), Ortho- 

 pristis, Diagramma. 



Fam. 81. Sparidae. Sea-breams. Carnivorous shore-fishes of trop. 

 and temp, seas, mostly edible ; Sparnodus, Sargodon, Capitodus, 

 Soricidens, Asima are extinct forms from Eocene and Miocene. 



Cantharina without molar or vomerine teeth. Caniharus Cuv. ; 

 C. lineatus Mont., black-sea bream, old-wife ; Box, Scatharus, Oblata 

 from Med. and adjacent Atl. ; Crenidens, Tripterodon, Ind. Oc. ; 

 Packymetopon, Dipterodon, Gymnocrotaphus from the Cape ; Girella, 

 Tepraeops from Chinese and Australian seas ; Doydixodon from 

 Coasts of Peru. 



Haplodactylina, without molar with vomerine teeth. Haplo- 

 dactylus, from temp. S. Pac.. 



Sargina, with a single series of incisors, and several series of rounded 

 molars. Sargus Cuv. (Diplodus Raf., Archosargus Gill.); sargo, 

 sar, saragu ; several species in Med. and adjacent Atl. ; S. ovis Mitch., 

 sheep's head, from coasts of U. S. ; Otrynter. 



Pagrina, with single series of conical teeth in front, and molars 

 at the sides. Ltthrinus Cuv., trop. Indo-Pac., and one species on 

 W. coast Afr., Sphaerodon ; Pagrus Cuv. warmer temp, seas ; Steno- 

 tomus Gill., St. argyrops, scup, porgy ; Pagellus C. and V., P. 

 centrodontus De la R., sea-bream, chad ; Chrysophrys Cuv., trop. 

 and warm temp. seas. Ch. aurata L., gilt-head ; Calamus Swains., 

 Amer. coasts. 



Fam. 82. Maenidae. Carnivorous shore-fishes. Mavna, Smaris, 

 Caesio, Erythrichthys, Spicara, Emmelichthys. 



Fam. 83. Gerridae. Trop. seas. Gerres, Eucinostomiis, Ulaema, Xystaema. 



Fam. 84. Trichodontidae. Teeth slender and sharp, in bands on 



jaws and on vomers, 4 holobranchs and large pseudobranch ; North 



Pacific, living in sand near the shore. Trichodon Cuv., Arctoscopus 



J. and E. 



Fam. 85. Mullidae. Red mullets, slightly compressed, covered with 

 large thin scales which may be ctenoid ; two long erectile barbules on the 

 hyoid ; two short dorsals remote from each other ; pelvic s with 1 

 spine and 5 rays ; branchiostegals 4 ; mainly tropical. Mullus L., 

 highly prized as food ; are skinned before death to produce expansion 

 of the red chromatophores ; M. barbattis L., Eur. species, M. sur- 

 muletus L., surmullet, is said to be the female of barbatus ; Mulloides, 

 Vpeneus. 



Fam. 86. Caproidae. Boar-fishes. In rather deep water ; body 

 compressed ; mouth protractile ; minute teeth on jaws and vomer ; Medi- 

 terranean, Atlantic. Capros, Antigonia. 



Fam. 87. Chaetodontidae. sometimes separated as a distinct tribe 

 and divided into families, may also be placed here ; the soft part of the 

 unpaired fins and sometimes the spinous part are covered with small 

 scales. The body is compressed and elevated and covered with scales 

 either ctenoid or smooth ; the limits of the group are uncertain ; it includes 

 forms showing analogies with the Carangidae on the one hand, and with 

 the Percoids on the other, and there are features of specialisation which 

 lead towards the Plectognathi. The majority are from tropical seas, and 

 abound chiefly in the neighbourhood of coral reefs. The beauty and 

 singularity of colouring of some of the genera, e.g. Chaetodon, Heniochus, 

 Holacanthus are remarkable. 



