ANURA. 311 



Schleg., Aust. ; Rhinophrynus Diini. and Bibr., Mexico. Codophryne, 

 Himalayas. 



Fam. 4. Hylidae. Tree-frogs. Upper jaw toothed (Amphignathodon 

 Blgr. of Ecuador possesses teeth in the lower jaw also), transverse processes 

 of sacral vertebra dilated, terminal phalanges claw-shaped and swollen 

 at the base and carry an adhesive cushion ; vertebrae procoelous, no ribs ; 

 tympanum free or hidden ; with the exception of Hyla arbor ea and two 

 other species found in N. India and S. China are exclusively American or 

 Australian (absent from Madagascar and Africa). Thoropa Cope, Brazil ; 

 Chlorophilus Baird, N. Amer., Peru, includes the smallest frogs, less than 

 f- in. ; Acris Dum. and Bibr. N. Amer. ; Hyla Laur., pupil horizontal, 

 tympanum distinct or hidden, fingers and toes with adhesive discs, more 

 than 150 species, cosmopolitan except ethiopian region ; H. arbor ea L. the 

 tree-frog of Europe ; H. faber Wied., the ferreiro or smith, the female 

 makes pools with mud walls for the eggs (P.Z.S. 1895, p. 89), Brazil ; H, 

 goeldii, eggs carried on back of female, Brazil. Nototrema Giinth. (Noto- 

 delphys Weinl.), female has a pouch on the back opening behind for recep- 

 tion of eggs, some at least emit tadpoles, trop. Amer. Hylella Reirih. and 

 Liitk. trop. Amer. and Australia. Nyctimantis Blgr., Ecuador. Agalych- 

 nis Blgr., C. Amer. Phyllomedusa Wagl., lays its eggs on leaves of plants 

 overhanging water into which the tadpole falls at hatching (Budgett, 

 Q.J.M.S. 42, 1899, p. 313), trop. Amer. Triprion Cope, Yucatan ; 

 Diaglena, Corythomantis, Pternohyla. 



Fam. 5. Cystignathidae. Upper jaw toothed, transverse processes 

 of sacral vertebra not or but slightly dilated, terminal phalanges never 

 claw-shaped ; auditory organ variable ; a large family exhibiting great 

 variety of habit (aquatic, terrestrial, arboreal, burrowing) and presenting 

 alliances to other families, mostly neotropical, but found also in. trop. 

 C. Amer., and in Australia and Tasmania. 



Sub-fam. 1. Hemiphraetinae. Teeth in both jaws, vertebrae 

 opisthocoelous, tympanum distinct, S. Amer. Hemiphractus Wagl., 

 Ecuador and Colombia ; Ceratohyla Espada, Ecuador ; Amphodus 

 Ptrs., Brazil. 



Sub-fam. 2. Cystignathinae. Teeth in upper jaw only, vertebrae 

 procoelous. Pseudis Laur., with teeth in upper jaw only, fingers 

 free, toes webbed, pupil horizontal, first finger opposite the others, 

 S. Amer. ; Ps. paradoxa, L. 2 inches, with enormous tadpole to 10 

 inches, Gui&nas ; Hylodes Fitz., trop. Arner. ; H. martinicensis Tschudi, 

 large eggs, embryo without gills or clefts hatched as perfect frog, 

 W. Indies ; Calyptocephalus Bibr., dermal ossification of cranium, 

 large tadpoles, Chili, Panama ; Ceratophrys Boie, horned toads, toad- 

 like, some species with a bony dorsal shield in the cutis, eyelid often 

 as an upright triangular appendage, S. Amer. ; Lepidobatrachus 

 Budgett, Paraguay ; Leptodactylu^ Fitz., fingers and toes not webbed, 

 trop. Amer. ; Paludicola Wagl., trop. and S. Amer. ; Centrolene Espada, 

 Ecuador ; Cyclorhamphus Tschudi, Brazil ; Telmatobius Wiegm., 

 W. S. Amer. ; Elosia Tschudi, Brazil ; Edalorhina Esp., Ecuador and 

 Peru ; Plcctromantis Ptrs., W. S. Amer. ; Limnomedusa Cope, 

 Uruguay ; Hylorhina Bell, Chili ; Borborocoetes Bell, W. S. Amer. ; 

 Zachaenus Cope, Brazil; Hylopsis, S. Amer. ; Chiroleptes Gthr., first 

 finger opposed to the others, Australia ; Heleioporus Gray, Australia ; 

 Limnodynasles Fitz., Australia ; Crinia Tschudi, Australia ; Mixophyes 

 Gthr., Australia ; Cryptolis Gthr., Australia ; Hyperolia Cope, Aus- 

 tralia. 



