590 UNGULATA. 



new-born young. In' addition there is a smaller median process of the 

 frontal, which increases with age. i c ^ p f m , molars brachyodont 

 with rugose enamel. Lateral digits are entirely absent and the humerus 

 has a double bicipital groove. Gall-bladder present. Giraffa Zimm., two 

 living species confined to Africa ; G. camelopardalis L., the giraffe or 

 cameleopard, lives on foliage of trees, especially the mimosa, over which 

 its head towers to 16 feet in height, gregarious, Somaliland ; G. capensis 

 E. Geoff., S. Africa. The genus is found fossil in the Pliocene of Greece, 

 Persia, and India. A second genus, Okapia Lankester, has recently been 

 discovered in the Semliki forest, West Afr., it has a shorter neck, and the 

 horns are on the frontal bone.* 



Extinct genera from the U. Miocene of S. Europe, Persia and India. 

 Helladotherium Gaudry, hornless, neck shorter than in Giraffa, limbs 

 nearly equal, U. Miocene of Greece and India. Palaeotragus Gaudry, with 

 long horns, U. Miocene of Greece. Samothsrium Fors. Maj., male skull 

 with a pair of short horns, neck shorter than in Giraffa, U. Miocene of 

 Samos and Persia. Sivatheritim Falc. and Cautl., two pairs of horns, the 

 posterior are the larger and palmated, neck short, limbs equal, Miocene 

 of India ; Hydaspitherium Lydekk., Bramatherium Falc., are similar to the 

 last. 



Fam. 13. Antilocapridae. The horns are on the cavicorn type, but 

 are deciduous and branched ; they contain a bony core which is not 

 branched and not deciduous. Antilocapra Ord, the prong-buck, confined 

 to N. America, 1 species. 



Fam. 14. Bovidae.t Antelopes, sheep, goats and oxen. The horns 

 consist of a bony core and an outer horny covering. The core is a process 

 of the skull and frequently contains prolongations of the frontal air 

 sinuses ; the horny covering is an epidermal product ; neither the core 

 nor the horn is shed. They are present in the males of all Bovidae and 

 in the females of many. Molars frequently hypsodont, the neck being 

 at first hidden in the socket. The cotyledons of the placenta are numerous. 

 Gall bladder generally present. Lateral digits usually present, represented 

 by hoofs with or without reduced skeleton. In other respects they resemble 

 the Cervidae. The Bovidae are the largest group of the Ungulata at the 

 present time, containing 45 genera and about 200 species, the bulk of 

 which are antelopes. J Found all over the Old World (not in Australia), 

 five genera in the Nearctic region, absent from the Neotropical. 



Sub-fam. 1. Bubalinae. Large African antelopes, horns in both 

 sexes. Bubalis Cuv., 9 species, Afr., B. caama F. Cuv., the hartebeest. 

 Damaliscus Scl. and Th., 7 sp., includes the bontebok and blessbok, 

 Afr. Connochoetes Licht., 3 sp., includes the gnus, Afr. 



Sub-fam. 2. Cephalophinae. Small or medium African and 

 Indian antelopes, horns in the males only. Cephalophus S. Smith, 

 with 20 sp., duikerboks, Afr. Tetraceros Hardw., with 1 sp., 2 pairs 

 of horns, India. 



Sub-fam. 3. Neotraginae. Africa, horns in male. Oreotragus A. 

 Smith, with 1 sp. the klipspringer. Ourebia Laurillard, with 5 sp. 

 Eaphicerus H. Smith, with 4 sp., includes the grysbock and steinbock. 



* Lankester, Trans. Zool. Soc., 16, 1902, p. 279. 



f Rutimejrer, Kinder der Tertiaren-Epoche, Abh. Schv.'eiz. palaont. 

 Ges. 4, 1877. 



J P. L. Sclater and O. Thomas, The Book of Antelopes, 1900, London. 



