SHREWS. HEDGEHOGS. 639 



to existing families and present greater resemblance to marsu- 

 pials, creodonts and lemuroids than do the more modern types. 



Fam. 1. Tupaiidae. Arboreal diurnal forms with large brain case, 

 closed orbit and well-developed zygomatic arch, perforated jugal, a tym- 

 panic bulla, and a long symphysis pubis. Upper molars broad, multi- 

 cuspidate, with cusps arranged in a W ; usually with a short caecum ; 

 Oriental region. Tupaia Raffles, tree-shrews, i f c *. ^ p |- m -|, about 

 14 species, squirrel-like. Ptilocercus Gray, pen-tailed tree-shrew, 1 sp., 

 Borneo. Extinct genera from the M. Miocene ; Lantanotherium, Plesio* 

 sorex, Galarix. 



Fam. 2. Macroscelididae. Nocturnal saltatorial forms with large 

 brain case, well-developed zygomatic arch, imperforate jugal, orbit not 

 surrounded by bone, a tympanic bulla and a long symphysis pubis. The 

 metatarsus is greatly elongated, the tibia and fibula are united, and the 

 caecum is large. The penis is anterior and suspended from the abdo- 

 minal wall. The molars are broad and have four cusps arranged in a W. 

 Africa. Macroscelides A. Smith, jumping or elephant-shrews, 10 sp. ; 

 Petrodromus Pet., 3 sp. ; Rhyncttocyon Pet., fossorial, 4 sp. 



Fam. 3. Erinaceidae. Hedgehogs. Terrestrial forms with planti- 

 grade feet, small brain case, slender zygomatic arch, an annular tympanic 

 hot forming a bulla ; without postorbital process ; with slender clavicles' 

 and bifid acromion ; radius and ulna free, tibia and fibula ankylosed ; 

 caecum absent. The spinal chord is much thickened in the cervical 

 region and is continued as a slender filament, the filum terminate. The 

 penis is anterior and suspended from the abdominal wall, m 1 and 2 

 of upper jaw with 5 cusps, the central cusp being minute and united by 

 a ridge on each side to the two internal cusps ; Palaearctic, Ethiopian 

 (except Madagascar), and Oriental regions. Gymnura Horsf. and Vig., 

 i ^ c i p | m -|, without spines, Malayasia. Erinaceus, L hedgehogs ; 

 * f c T P I m f witn spines ; about 20 species, Palaearctic, Ethiopian 

 and Oriental regions ; E. europaeus I ., the common hedgehog, hibernates 

 during the winter, young born in July or August. Extinct genera from 

 the Miocene and Eocene. 



Fam. 4. Soricidae. Shrews. Terrestrial, rarely aquatic, rat-like or 

 mouse-like forms, with long and pointed muzzle ; without zygomatic 

 arch, postorbital process, and pubic symphysis ; the tympanic is annular, 

 the tibia and fibula are united, and the cusps of the u. molars are arranged 

 in a W ; widely distributed. The dentition is not fully understood, 

 owing to the early obliteration of the maxillo-premaxillary suture. The 

 ordinary statement is that there are four incisors, one canine, a variable 

 number of premolars and three molars in the upper jaw, but it is possible 

 that the fourth incisor may be the canine, and the canine the first pre- 

 molar. There are always three molars. In the lower jaw there are always 

 six teeth (possibly seven in Myosorex] on each side. There is no caecum 

 or symphysis pubis, and the penis is retractile within the fold of the 

 integument surrounding the anus. This family includes the majority 

 of species of the order. 



Sub-fam. 1. Soricinae. Teeth tipped with red. Sorex L., 

 ' ' c 77 P f m t ' m ilk dentition functionless ; terrestrial ; urino- 

 genital opening separated from the anus, ears well-developed, tail 

 Jong ; Palaearctic and Nearctic ; two British species, S. vulgar is, 



