AXTHROPOMORPHIDAE. 



661 



thropus * seems to have been nearer to Homo. The remains consist 

 of a skull cap, two teeth and a femur, which are supposed to have 

 belonged to the same individual. The cranial capacity was probably 

 about two-thirds that of man, the forehead low, and the supraorbital 

 ridges prominent. The femur indicates an upright gait. 



Hylobates 111., the gibbons. Arboreal. Body and limbs slender, fore 

 limbs so long as to reach the ground when the animal is walking upright. 

 The carpus has a centrale, the nails of the pollex and hallux are alone 

 flat, and the hallux is well developed, and there are small ischial callosities. 

 There are 18 dorso-lumbar vertebrae and 13 pairs of ribs. In walking they 

 habitually go upright with the flat of the sole on the ground and without 

 the assistance of the arms. Smaller than the other genera, height not 

 exceeding 3 feet, S.E. Asia, 9 species ; omnivorous. H. syndactylus, sia- 

 mang, possesses a laryngeal sac, communicating with the larynx by two 

 openings in the thyrohyoid membrane. 



Simia L., the orang-utan, 1 sp., S. satyrus in Borneo and Sumatra ; 

 arboreal. Body and limbs massive, the fore-limbs reach to the ankle, 

 the carpus has a centrale, 

 the pollex and hallux are 

 small, and the latter is 

 sometimes without a nail ; 

 16 dorsolumbar vertebrae 

 and 12 pairs of ribs. The 

 males attain a height of 

 a little over four feet, 

 and have a beard when 



adult. They walk on the ,,,^ ^ ^ > m -. 

 outsides of their feet with 

 their knuckles on the 

 ground. There is a large 

 median vocal sac ventral 

 to the trachea which ex- 



tends as far as the axilla ; Fm _ 332 ._ skull of Simia , (from claus)> 



it communicates with each 



of the ventricles of the larynx. They build a nest on trees. Exclusively 

 herbivorous. 



Gorilla I. Geoffr., 1 sp., G. gorilla in the forests of W. Africa ; arboreal, 

 but less so than the next genus ; mainly herbivorous. Body and limbs 

 massive, the fore-limbs reach to the middle of the lower leg, the carpus 

 is without centrale, hallux well developed, 17 dorsolumbar vertebrae 

 and 13 pairs of ribs. Male larger than female, with strongly developed 

 ridges on the gkull, and with larger canine teeth. The male may attain 

 a height of 5^ feet. Their air-sacs are very similar to those of Simia. 

 They walk like the chimpanzee on the soles of their feet with the backs 

 of their hands on the ground. The heel is better developed than in Simia, 

 and they can stand and walk without the assistance of their arms. They 

 have a ferocious and gloomy disposition and are untameable. 



Anthropopithecus de Blainville (Troglodytes E. Geoffr.) the chimpanzee, 

 arboreal ; 2 sp., A. troglodytes L., and A. tchego Duv., W. Africa. Very 



* Dubois, Pithecanthropus erectus, Eine menschendhnliche Uebergangs- 

 form aus Java, Batavia, 1894, and Proceedings of the Zoological Congress 

 at Leyden, 1895. 



