170 THE FUR SEALS OP THE PRIBILOF ISLANDS. 



THE REMOVAL OF THE EARLY DEAD. 



Ill tlie work of the present season a distinct step in advance was nadc in the 

 enumeration of the starved pups. One element of confusion in last year's count 

 resulted from the difdculty in distinguishing between the early and the later dead. 

 To obviate this the pup carcasses on Kitovi and Lukanin rookeries were carefully 

 removed on August 12, before the starvation from pelagic sealing began. Fre(iuent 

 counts of the dead, as they accumulated from and after the 12tb, were kept up until 

 tlie lOtli of September, and the accessions, all plainly due to starvation, were found to 

 be fairly constant from day to day. These counts will be found in the daily journal, 

 under date of September 6 and 10. 



On October 15 a count by Colonel Murray of the dead on these two breeding 

 grounds gave a total of 1,057. These had died afier August 12, and may be taken as 

 a very exact measure of the contributiou of these two rookeries to the general quota 

 of death causfed by pelagic sealing. 



THE ESTIMATE OF STARVED PUPS, 1897. 



There were in round numbers about 9,500 i)ups born on Kitovi and Lukanin 

 rookeries in 1807. The number starved was therefore about 11 per cent of tlie 

 birth rate. Applying this percentage to the total birth rate of the islands, the total 

 death rate from starvation in 1897 must have been approximately 14,000. In lSO(i 

 the percentage of females taken in Bering Sea was 84. From the greater scarcity of 

 males this year and the closer killing practiced on the islands, we are justified in 

 assuming that the percentage for this year could not have been below 00 per cent. 

 This would give a total of about 15,000 females killed. The ditterence of 1,000 

 will account for the small proportion of virgin two-year olds, and the adult cows in 

 the pelagic catch, which had already lost their pups through natural causes. 



THE IMPORTANCE OF THE FIGURES. 



These data regarding the results of starvation are very important, and from them 

 we can review our lindings of last year. Applying a proportionate relation of starved 

 pups to the pelagic catch of 1896, we find that the estimate for last year should have 

 been about 24,000 instead of 16,000. 



It is not desired, however, to press either of these calculations too closely. The 

 percentage of the two rookeries counted may be slightly too high for the other 

 rookeries. It certainly is too high for those rookeries on which the early mortality is 

 great. 



THE DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS OF PELAGIC SEALING ESTABLISHED. 



But the mere matter of the number of pups which starve is not important. The 

 essential thing is that a very large number of pups do starve. This is settled beyond 

 cavil. As we know the pups are wholly dependent upon their motiiers' milk for 

 nourishment until fully a month after pelagic sealing ceases, it follows necessarily 

 that the pup dies as a result of the mother's death, if it has not already died from 

 other causes. That more than 10,000 pups, which had otherwise escaped accidents on 

 the rookeries in 1896, and about 14,000 in 1897 died of starvation is sufficient proof of 



