TECHNICAL EDUCATION 171 



that the work was really that of the pupil, and not merely a 

 dead transcript from the teachers' work. 



The average cost of a pupil in a Scottish hospital is 41Z. 10s. 

 per annum. Exclusive of bursaries, each pupil in Donaldson's 

 Hospital costs '241. los. per annum. The cost of each pupil in 

 the French establishment being only 171., may be considered 

 wonderfully small ; perhaps the economy will be best understood 

 when I remark, that the Scottish hospitals, for 44,000., educate, 

 board, and clothe 1,064 scholars, while the French school, for 

 28,000/., boards, clothes, and educates 1,700 boys and youths. 

 The dormitories and arrangements for cooking appear excellent, 

 and the youths contrast very favourably in appearance with the 

 pupils in the great French Lycees. The French establishment 

 is also remarkable for a curious and excellent device by which 

 the Freres Chretiens teach their pupils trades while retaining 

 them within, their walls. The plan is devised with the object of 

 retaining moral control over the youths up to a late period in 

 life, and is probably not worthy of imitation in our hospitals, 

 since I believe that a youth of ordinary morality is better fitted 

 to do his duty by mixing in the world than by semi-monastic 

 training ; the plan might, however, perhaps be applied to our 

 industrial and reformat-ory schools. 1 will, therefore, so far 

 digress as to sketch the system. 



The school provides a series of workshops, fitted for the pro- 

 duction of numerous articles made by various trades in the town. 

 Thus, in Paris there are workshops for mathematical instruments, 

 levels, lenses, musical instruments, bronze statuettes, packing- 

 boxes, the design of shawls, etc. The school then allows a 

 manufacturer, say of optical instruments, to use one of these 

 workshops with the tools it contains. The manufacturer employs 

 as apprentices, or rather as workmen, as many pupils of the 

 school as the workshop will accommodate, introducing one skilled 

 workman into the shop to teach and direct the lads, who remain 

 for four years as apprentices, receiving nothing for their labour. 

 The master makes a profit by these apprentices, but is bound to 

 accept any lad the authorities choose to give him. The school 

 receives each year from the apprentice the monthly payment 

 of I/. 4*., and continues to board and clothe him. The ap- 

 prentice works nine hours per diem in the shop, has classes in 



