214 THE PEOPLE'S FARM AND STOCK CYCLOPEDIA. 



The companies I have just mentioned are all stock companies, 

 employing from fifty thousand to two hundred and fifty thou- 

 sand dollars in capital stock, and the sugar is all boiled in 

 vacuum pans, the same as is used in our sugar refineries, and 

 no one should engage in the business without visiting them to 

 get well posted. 



I will describe the Stewart process for the manufacture of 

 sugar in all small mills or by single farmers which is the plan 

 adopted by the Jefferson Sugar Manufacturing Company of 

 Jefferson, Ohio, and this can be made universal and profitable 

 on a small or large scale, but for extensive works we advise the 

 use of vacuum pans, for it is a safer process and less expensive. 

 The heat then never needs to rise above one hundred and sixty 

 degrees, but to finish for sugar in open steam pans or by direct 

 fire heat it must go nearly to two hundred and forty degrees 

 before it is finished, and consequently is more liable to get 

 scorched, and the higher heat will injure the color of both sugar 

 and molasses. Neither can it be evaporated as dry in open 

 pans, but must be allowed to stand in hot rooms when cooked 

 as hard as we dare do it, sometimes for many days before 

 granulation becomes complete, while with a vacuum pan it can 

 often be cooked dry enough and crystalization complete so it 

 can go directly into centrifugal machines, for separation and 

 final finish; but usually, they draw from the vacuum pans into 

 little iron wagons, holding nearly 1,000 pounds apiece, and roll 

 them into a hot room and then let them stand from twenty- 

 four to forty-eight hours to complete the granulation. The only 

 hindrance to granulation of the sugar in the sorghum plant is 

 the natural acid in the juice, and as this is in no regular 

 amount, 110 fixed rule could ever be adopted, but the juice 

 must be brought to proper condition by a chemical test. 



The crushers to be used in any mill must be determined by 

 the amount of work you desire to do, but all kinds used should 

 press the canes dry enough so they will be fit to burn for fuel 

 direct from the machine, and if this is not accomplished with 

 once running through the crusher, it should be done the second 

 time and made to do it, or else you may rest assured you are 



