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THE PEOPLE'S FARM AND STOCK CYCLOPEDIA. 



amount worn is one of the chief factors in the problem of telling 

 the age, it must be noticed that the teeth of some horses wear 

 rapidly. Crib-biters and wind-suckers wear off the upper teeth 

 wonderfully soon. Horses accustomed to grazing on sandy pas- 

 ture lands will show older mouths than those on clay lands. 



FIG. 11. MOUTH AT SEVEN YEARS. 



This figure represents the lower jaw of a seven-year-old. 

 The tushes have become dull at the point and somewhat 

 rounded by wear. Both edges of the corner teeth are worn 

 smooth, with a small cavity on the face. The middle teeth 

 have lost their cavity or mark, and show an even surface. 



In Fig. 12 we see the six teeth all equally worn, and 

 only a slight mark in the corner teeth. The edges of the 

 tushes are worn down almost half. The upper tushes are more 

 worn than the lower ones. 



BISHOPING, named so from the scoundrel that invented it r 

 now comes in to deceive the inexperienced. It is a means of 

 making the naturally smooth crown or surface show the marks 

 of a six or seven-year-old. With an engraver's tool a hole is 

 dug out in the corner teeth usually, to imitate the "mark" of 

 the seven-year-old. The hole is then burned with a hot iron 

 to give the black stain. The careful examiner will notice this 

 stain is more diffused, and the cavity not so well defined as 



