DISEASES OF HORSES. 693 



by a tumor, or by some foreign substance getting into the nose 

 from the throat. This last cause is frequent from an animal 

 choking and coughing, which throws the food into the nose. 



SYMPTOMS. There will be a discharge from the nose either 

 whitish or yellowish in color, which may be retained in the nose 

 for some time, and then expelled in large quantities. The 

 lining membrane of the nose may either be reddened or of a 

 lead color ; but there are no ulcerated patches, as in glanders. 

 There may be swelling of the glands of the throat, especially 

 if it is caused by a diseased tooth. Sometimes catarrh can be de- 

 tected by tapping upon the face with the fingers. If the linings 

 are diseased and swollen, tapping does not give the hollow 

 sound as heard in a healthy animal. An animal having catarrh 

 becomes thin in flesh, and " hide-bound," as it is called. After 

 the disease has run on for a long time, the discharge is exceed- 

 ingly offensive, especially if caused by a diseased tooth. The 

 discharge of glanders is not so offensive, and its color is more 

 of a greenish tint. In making an examination, always examine 

 the teeth. 



TREATMENT. As a rule, no physic is needed. Feed the ani- 

 mal well ; allow plenty of fresh air and some exercise ; wash 

 the nostrils thoroughly clean two or three times a day and give 



Sulphate of Iron, ....... 2 drams. 



Or Iodide of Potash, . . . . . .3 drams. 



Or Sulphate of Copper, ..... li drams. 



Give either of the above twice a day. Or balsam of copaiba 

 may be given instead, in three dram doses three times a day. 

 The best preparation of iron is the iodide of iron, given in two 

 drachm doses twice a day, but it is more expensive than the sul- 

 phate of iron. In many cases a blister over the parts does 

 great good. 



In some cases it is also necessary to make an opening through 

 the bones of the face in order to let the matter escape. This 

 operation is called trephining, and should be performed with an 

 instrument called a trephine; but it has been performed with an 

 ordinary brace and a three-fourth inch bit. When this has been 

 done the hole should be kept open and syringed once a day 



