DISEASES OF CATTLE. 899 



XIII. 



DISEASES OK CATTLE. 



PULSATION and Temperature. The number of the 

 heart-beats varies considerably in animals in health; but 

 from a great many experiments the following is found to 

 be an average in healthy animals : In the ox the heart beats 

 from fifty-five to sixty-five times in a minute, and the natural 

 temperature, as indicated by Fahrenheit's thermometer, is from 

 one hundred and four-fifths degrees to one hundred and one 

 and four-fifths. This is, of course, taken from adult animals, 

 while in very young calves the pulse may be almost twice as 

 fast, but the temperature will be about the same as in the adult. 

 In very old animals the pulse will be slower than that given, 

 still the temperature remains practically the same. 



In the horse, the heart-beats number in an adult from twenty- 

 five to forty, while the temperature is from ninety-nine to one 

 hundred. The same remarks hold good regarding the young 

 and aged as spoken of regarding the ox. As a general rule the 

 heart beats from three and a half to four and a half times while 

 the animal is breathing once. If this proportion varies to any 

 great extent something is wrong, either with the breathing or 

 circulatory system. 



Catarrh. CAUSES. The same as in the horse. 



SYMPTOMS. First, there will be dryness of the lining of the 

 nose ; then these membranes become reddened and swollen, 

 sometimes causing difficulty in breathing ; the animal sneezes, 

 and in a short time there will be a discharge from the nose ; 

 this discharge will be thin and watery at first, but it gets thicker 

 and increases in quantity. 



Catarrh may also affect the lining of the wind-pipe, as well 



