166 Animal Casteation 



be empty. Hence it becomes necessary to withhold feed for 30 

 hours previous to operating. Immediately before operating the 

 rectum should be emptied of its contents either by "back raking" 

 or a coi^ious enema. 



Bcstraint — The ojjeration should always be performed with 

 animal in the standing posture. Stocks (Fig. 139) are preferable 

 when they are available. However, when stocks are not at hand 

 the animal may be quickly fixed to wall or fence with ropes (Fig. 

 140) . The head is first fastened to post, after which a 30-foot rope 

 is looped around body and fastened to fence or wall as sho^m. In 

 this position the animal can be readily spayed without lying down, 

 etc. 



Position — Standing. 



Instruments — 1. Colin 's Scalpel. (Fig. 128.) 



2. Williams' Ratchet Spaying Ecraseur (Fig. 129), or Dunn's 

 Spaying Ecraseur (Fig. 130). 



3. Williams' Spaying Speculum (Fig. 133), or Paseley's 

 Spaying Speculum (Fig. 134). 



4. Injection pump. 



Anatomy — The anatomy of internal and external generative 

 organs of cow similate those of mare to some extent. However, 

 in order that the comparative may be studied, we will take up 

 briefly each organ separately. 



Vulva — The vulva possesses two thickened labia and two sharp 

 commissures, the lower of which is pointed and contains a num- 

 ber of long, stiff hairs. 



The clitoris is small and located in lower commissure of the 

 vulva. 



Pig. 141 — Internal and External Genitals of the Cow. A, Vulva; B, Vagina; C, Uterus; 

 D, D, Horns; E. E, Ovaries. 



