Iiitroihiction. xix 



Amphibia None. 



Iloptilia None. 



Birds Ostriches aro (armed (or their (cathcrs in South A(rica 



and at Nice. Swans al»o to provide (uathors (swann- 

 down>). .Mhumcn prepared (roin (owl ' 



Mammalia The .same as Sul>-group (<«), i.e. cattle, .ats, pigs, 



and others (or (i) hide; (ii) w.x)l ; (iu) fat; (iv) bono 

 and horn ; (v) milk ; and (vi) other products, 

 (i) For hide — oxen {UovuIk), ox-hide, cow-hide, cal(-skiu ; 

 sheep-skin (or chamois and Morocco leather; lamb- 

 skin (or gloves. Cioat-skin used (or Morocco leather 

 and bottle making in the East, 

 (ii) For wool — shocp, such as Morinos, Lincolns, Loicostcrs, 

 Persian Lamb; goats, as Angora, Kashmir or Thilict 

 and Sudan goats ; camels (or hair which is woven into 

 cloth in Persia; alpaca and the llama in Peru and 

 Bolivia, 

 (iii) For (at— pigs, sheep, oxen ; prepared suet (rom 

 internal (at o( sheep; wool (at (^Adcj>i lanm); prepared 

 hog's lard, 

 (iv) For bono— oxen, sheep, horses, and all domesticated 



animals. Horn — cattle and sheep, 

 (v) For milk — cows, goats, mares. 



(vi) For other products — sugar o( milk (rom whey o( cows' 

 milk ; ' (cl ' or purified ox-bile ; pepsina (rom mucus 

 membrane o( the stomach o( sheep, pigs, calves. Modem 

 medicine makes use o( nearly all the glands o( domesti- 

 cated mammalia in order to manu(acturc "extracts" 

 o( a curative nature. 



Sl'Rvf.y of Sun-nnoup (//) of (iuoir />. 

 THE UTILISATION OF THE ANIMAL AS A SURGICAL AGENT. 



The cliief animals coining in this sub-group are the Medicinal Lc-eches 

 Sangxiuuija medicinalis and iS'. officinalis. In ^lexico another leech, a 

 species of Hseinentaria, is made use of. 



CrV. or I' ('. 



Animals which directly promote Man's operations as a civilised 

 being, without being killed, captured or trained by him. 



This is a rvnmrkable grouj) — rt-markahlc because it is so small. The 

 fact is that in more primitive comlitions of civilisation man would 

 recognise more dairly than he now does his indrbtiHlni.»is to other 

 animals, as, for instance, the fisherman looks to the se^i-j;ulls for guidance. 

 Highly civilisetl man hits almost completely sepjinittMl himself from the 

 ancient itsKociation with the animal w»)rld. excepting wlure he ha.s seized 

 and domesti<?ited or more or less traine<l the useful animal. The 

 scavenger animals and birds and the earthwonns still act freely for man's 

 benefit without submitting to his yoke. 



b 2 



