/\r/>o/'/s to the iMHU'ii of .■h^riiiilti(yc. 25 



Tlit'Sf small red spots are imt scales imr tlic sta-jc? "f anv insert, 

 the <iuinoe having; ivd bark s]M>ts. 



It is iinj>ortaiit t«» rmtice whetlier we have scale <in the tree «ir 

 wliether tlie Tnarkin<;s are Udnnal ]>lant structures. Scales are ftfteii 

 ver)' harmful in this coimtn* and should he checked liefnre they ;,'et 

 the u]»per hand (»f the tree and sa]) its vitality. 



Thix'e washes may \va u.sed for .scale insects : — 



1. Tarathn emulsion. 



2. lle^in wa.sh. 



3. Caustic alkali wasli. 



The first (pai-afhn emulsion) is chiefly of use when the young 

 scale insects are emerging from heneath the scales; oh.servations 

 l>ersonally hy the grower must he made, as the times of hatching vary 

 ver>' nnich. 



Caustic alkali wash is the most l>eneficial to u.se (vide article in 

 the SejUemher number of the Boanl " Jounial "). 



Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas is the K'st scale remedy, 

 but is ditticult to apply to large trees. Should this l>e employed, full 

 information will always l>e sent from this Department. 



Winter washing with caustic alkali wash is strongly advised. 



Lifc-hisforij of Scales {CiKcula:.) 



Tlie eggs of the CV)Cci<he are found under the scales; the young 

 scales ai-e minute, active, six-legged insects with projecting antenna- 

 (" bonis ") and often hair-like proces.ses. They can only l>e seen 

 with a strong magnifying power. Scales (Coccida') are jn-ovided 

 with a Iting piercing mo\ith, which the larvne thrust into the bark, 

 leaf or fruit. The larva^ then degenerate, and by degree's form over the 

 VmhIv a scaly covering — l>eneath which you find the mature female, 

 which is legle.ss ; the male scale insect is nuv, ami unlike the female 

 is active, having a jiair of wings. Scale insects on tix*es in the ojhmi 

 pjuss the winter in (iivat IWitain mo^Jtly in the egg stage beneath the 

 scales, a few as immature females. 



Scale Insects on Plum Trees. 



I'lum trees sometimes sulTer from .«H.'alcs. Tlie Oyster-Shell 

 l»ark I>ou.se {AxpuUotxiK ostrfo-fonnis, Curtis) is found on jdum. A 

 bn)wn I>ecanium has al.so l»ecn foun<l, but was not iilentified. 



The .lajwnese Fruit Scale (Piaspi.>< ami/ffdali) al.so <»ocurs on pbim. 

 and thus care should be taken to examine all .Ta]»anese cherries that 



