Injur ions Tipu/it/cc. loi 



\. TiiK Ai.i.iKi) SroTTKP (.'hank- Fly. 

 {I'achi/rhind quadrifana, Mui<»en.) 



Tliis is a closely related si)ecies to the preceding', iuid like it is 

 genemlly distrihuted over En<,dand, but does not seem t<> occur in 

 such swarms, nor do its larvai seem to occasi(jn a.s much harm. It, 

 however, has Inicn sent to me from various parts of Suirey and 1 

 have observed its larvjv in L,Teat uuml)ers ravaj^in;; flower and 

 vegetable plants at Kingston-on-Thames in 1.S84 and 188G ; in llw 

 latter year it was especially abundant in the south of England. 

 The adult api^ears in dune and July. 



The female is yellow, the abdomen with a black dorsal stripe; the 

 head Willi a triangular l»lack spot behind. The thorax has three 

 broad black stripes, the lateral pair including two yellow spots, and 

 the metathorax has three black stripes. In the $ the abdomiiuil 

 striiM? is interrupted on the anterior border of each segment, in the 9 

 the dorsal .stripe is dilated on the hind border of each segment. The 

 wing is ti-ansparent, with the stigma brown, and the hind cross-vein 

 and the last piece of the vein below it infuscated. Legs testaceous ; 

 tips of the femora and tibia? black, and the tarsi dusky. Length, 

 half an inch. 



The deep brown stigma will at once separate it from the 

 preceding sj^cies. 



The larva is seldom more than half an inch long, of a gieyislj- 

 yellow colour, with thick skin, and very like that of /'. marulom' ; 

 four doi-sal papilUe, the two inner ones much shorter than the two 

 outer ones ; the two ventnd papilhe short, also brown strij^s l)eneath 

 the stigmas. The j)Upa is about as long as the larva, ])rownish-yellow, 

 with sharply indented segments; two .sliort, thin, rather spatulate 

 cephalic horns ; each .segment with six or .seven doi-sal spines ; 

 ventral surfaces with five teeth-like spines. 



Natur.vl Enemies of Tipulid.k. 



The Tipulidie are jaeyed \\\M.m by a number of natural enemies 

 which, however, are not sufticiently potent to stop them doing much 

 hann an«l causing great loss i)oth to the agriculturist and horticul- 

 turist. The subject of natural enemies is one to which sjK'cial 

 attention should Ikj paid, but it is quite u.seleAs to expect ver)' great 

 benefit to accrue fn»ui any except the binls. I'oople who are 

 acquainted moi-e with the lalKiratory than the HeUl talk of the u.se of 

 pansitic hymenopten ( frhi). mm. inula- •^^^^ rh,,l. i.H.hr) and of 



