578 CYCLOPEDIA OF LIVE STOCK AND COMPLETE STOCK DOCTOR. 



explained on page 278. We add the following general directions for the 

 reader's guidance in repeating the dose. 



Alteratives. — Give twice or thrice daily. 



Anodynes. — Four hours apart till they effect their object. 



Antispasmodics. — Same as anodynes. 



Diaphoretics. — Same as alteratives. 



Diuretics. — Two to four hours apart, according to urgency of the case. 



Emetics. — These are not given to the horse, his anatomy being such 

 that vomiting is not possible. For other animals, repeat every five or ten 

 minutes, assisting their action by opening the mouth and irritating the 

 throat with a feather. 



Febrifuges. — Two to four times daily, 



JSTarcotics. — Four hours apart till the desired effect is produced. 



Purgatives. — As these are usually very powerful, overdosing must be 

 guarded against, by waiting till the first dose has had full time to operate. 

 This will be not less than thirty-six hours for the horse ; twelve to fifteen 

 hours for sheep and cattle ; and seven to ten hours for hogs. Draughts 

 of lukewarm water, or of warm gruel, hasten the action of purgatives. 



Refrigerants. — Twice or thrice daily. 



Sedatives. — Every four hours, as long as necessary. 



Stimulants. — Four hours apart till the desired effect is produced. 



Tomes.-— Twice or three times daily. 



VI. Simple Directions for Preparing and Using Medicines. 



Balls. — ^Made of drugs (in powdered form) mixed with honey or molas- 

 ses and linseed meal to about the stiffness of dough, and then wrapped in 

 tissue paper, oiled for greater ease in swallowing. Care must be taken 

 not to make it too large. A little tliicker than a man's thumb will be 

 rio-ht for horses and cattle. The ball must not be round, but cylindrical 

 in shape, as shown in the cuts given in Chapter XXI, of this Part. 



Drenches. — Made, when the remedial agent is itself not a liquid, either 

 as decoctions or as infusions. The latter are made with either cold or 

 hot water. Small quanties of powdered drugs can be mixed with thick 

 gruel or mucilage, and given as a drench. Directions for giving drenches 

 will be found on pages 279 and 544. Care must be taken to thoroughly 

 dilute strong irritating liquids, so that if held in the animal's mouth for 

 as much as five minutes, it will do no harm. There are some liquids of 

 this class, as oil of turpentine, croton oil, etc., that will not mix with 

 water, and hence should be prepared with olive or linseed oil, or milk 

 'beaten with eggs ; or, in some cases, they may be given in mucilage. 



Hypodermic injections. — From the rapidly increasing use of these 

 expedients by physicians, there seems to be a growing disposition to 



