THE JERSEYS, ALDERNEY8 AND GUEENSEYS. 685 



IX. Their Fractioal Utilily. 



To illustrd,ce the value of the signs of a good milker, we give the re- 

 sults obtained by two close and intelligent observers, one a French 

 authority, Prof. Magne, V. S., of the Veterinary School at Aifort, the 

 other Mr. Charles Sharpless of Pennsylvania. In relation to the indica- 

 tions Prof. Magne, differing somewhat from Mr. Guenon, lays down the 

 following rules : 



" The direction of the hair is subordinate to that of the arteries ; when 

 a large plate of hair is directed from below, upwards on the posterior 

 face of the udder, and on the twist, it proves that the arteries that sup- 

 ply the milky system are large, since they pass backwards beyond it, 

 convey much blood, and consequently give activity to its functions. Up- 

 per tufts, placed on the sides of the vulva, prove that the arteries of the 

 t»-enerative organs are strongly developed, reach even to the skin, and 

 irive great activity to those organs. The consequence is, that after a cow 

 is ao-ain with calf, it draws off the blood which was flowing to the milky 

 glands, lessens, and even stops the secretions of milk. 



" In the bull, the arteries, corresponding to the mammary arteries ol 

 the cow, being intended only for coverings of the testicles, are very 

 slio-htly developed ; cmd there, accordingly, the escutcheons are of small 

 extent. 



X. The Escutcheon Marks. 



** This explanation, which accords very well with an tnat nas been ob- 

 served, renders it easy to comprehend the value of the escutcheon. The 

 more the lower ones are developed, the greater the quantity of milk ; but 

 shape is of consequence. 



♦' But the quantity of milk, and its quality, do not depend solely on 

 the form and size of the escutcheon ; they depend on the food, the par- 

 ticular management, the climate, the season ^ the temperament, the size 

 and energy of the principal internal organs, the capacity of the chest, the 

 influence of the generative system, etc. All these circumstances cause 

 the quantity of milk to vary, without making any change on the extent 

 of the escutcheon ; consequently, it is impossible that the same relation 

 can always exist between the escutcheons and the quantities of milk. We 

 often see cows equally well shaped, having exactly the same escutcheon, 

 and placed under the same hygienic condition, yet not giving equal quan- 

 tities, or equal qualities of milk. It could not be otherwise. Assuming 

 that a given tuft has the same value at birth, it cannot be the same in 

 adult ao-e; since, during life, an infinite number of circumstances occur 

 to diversify the activity of the milky glands, without changing the figure 

 or size of the tuft. 



